1. Epithelial (Skin, hair, teeth, and nails)

2. Epithelial Tissue Covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities within the body The close packing of epithelial tissue enables it to function as a barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens and fluid loss Cells of epithelial tissue are called epithelium There are 5 different types of epithelial tissue

3. Cuboidal Epithelium Dice-shaped cells Specialized for secretion Makes up the epithelium of kidney tubules and many glands including the thyroid and salivary glands

5. Simple Columnar Epithelium Lines the intestines This epithelium secretes digestive juices and absorbs nutrients Location: lines most of the digestive tract, gallbladder,excretory ducts of some glands, small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus.

7. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium Forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract The beating cilia move the film of mucous along the surface Location: male sperm-carrying ducts, ducts of large glands, trachea, and most of the upper respiratory tract.

9. Stratified Squamos Epithelium Regenerates rapidly by cell division near the basal lamina New cells are pushed outward replacing cells that are sloughed off Commonly found on surfaces that are subject to abrasion Location: outer skin, esophagus, mouth, urethra, anus, and vagina.

11. Simple Squamos Epithelium Thin and leaky Functions in the exchange of material by diffusion Location: kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels

13. Polarized Epithelial Tissue All the types of epithelia are polarized, meaning that they have two different sides. The apical surface faces the lumen or outside of the organ, therefore exposed to fluid or air. The opposite side of the epithelium is the basal surface The basal surface is attached to the basal lamina, a dense mat of extracellular matrix, which separates the epithelium from underlying tissue.

15. The Integumentary System In humans mechanisms that control thermoregulation involves the integumentary system (hair, raising hair, and evaporation) Thermoregulation is the process by which animals maintain an internal temperature (homeostasis) within a tolerable range. The integumentary systems covers the outer body and includes the skin, hair, and nails

16. Skin Consists of the dermis, epidermis, and hypodermis The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and is composed of dead epithelial cells that continually fall and flake off. Mainly made of stratified squamous epithelium. The dermis contains hair follicles, oil and sweat glands, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels. The hypodermis is beneath the skin and includes fat storing cells and blood vessels. Function: protection, sensory reception, formation of vitamin D, thermoregulation, and excretion through sweat

17. Hair Each hair develops from a group of epidermal cells at the base of a tube-like depression called a hair follicle. The cells at its base receive nourishment from dermal blood vessels at the base of the follicle. Hair is composed of columns of dead epithelial cells, that are keratinized and bound together by extracellular proteins. Function: Thermoregulation, and a sensory function that extends the sense of touch beyond the surface of the skin (eye lashes).

18. Nails A: The nail plate- made up of dead cells filled with keratin B:The lunula - the visible part of the matrix, the whitish crescent-shaped base of the visible nail.lunula C: The root - the base of the nail embedded underneath the skin D: The nail sinus - deep furrow into which the nail root is inserted E: The matrix- the formative layer of cells at the base of the fingernail. Responsible for the production of cells that becomes the nail.matrixcells F: Nail Bed -the skin beneath the nail plate. G: Hyponychium - forms a seal that protects the nail bed H: Free margin Function: acts as a counterforce when the end of the finger touches an object, thereby enhancing the sensitivity of the fingertip and enhancing precision.

19. Teeth Function INCISORS (8 total) The middlemost four teeth on the upper and lower jaws They're made for biting into food. CANINES (4 total) The pointed teeth just outside the incisors. Perfect for tearing food apart. PREMOLARS (8 total): Teeth between the canines and molars. MOLARS (8 total) Are big teeth at the back of your mouth. They crush and grind food into small pieces. Wisdom teeth or third molars (4 total): These teeth erupt at around age 18, but are often surgically removed to prevent displacement of other teeth. A normal adult mouth has 32 teeth not including the wisdom teeth.

20. Tooth Anatomy Enamel: The hardest, white outer part of the tooth. Enamel is mostly made of calcium phosphate, a rock-hard mineral. Dentin: A layer underlying the enamel. Dentin is made of living cells, which secrete a hard mineral substance. Pulp: The softer, living inner structure of teeth. Blood vessels and nerves run through the pulp of the teeth. Cementum: A layer of connective tissue that binds the roots of the teeth firmly to the gums and jawbone. Periodontal ligament: Tissue that helps hold the teeth tightly against the jaw. The upper jaw is called the maxilla. The lower jaw is called the mandible.

22. Cancer Cancer: A disease in which cells grow and divide uncontrollably. MalignantMalignant tumors can spread throughout the body, while benign tumors remain at the site of origin. Cancer is usually caused by a series of mutations in tumor suppressor genes and proto-oncogenes. Environmental factors, chemical factors, heredity, and obesity can also cause cancer.

23. Staging In stage I, the cancer is confined to the the organ of origin. In stages II and III, the cancer is confined to the organ of origin and could possibly have the lymph nodes or blood vessels. Stage IV cancer has spread outside of the the organ of origin and to other parts of the body.

24. Treatment Chemotherapy: Traditional chemotherapeutic agents act by killing cells that divide rapidly, one of the main properties of most cancer cells. This means that chemotherapy also harms cells that divide rapidly under normal circumstances: cells in the bone marrow, digestive tract, and hair follicles.bone marrowdigestive tracthair follicles Surgery: The removal of mainly benign tumors. Radiation: Radiation therapy involves the use of ionizing radiation in an attempt to either cure or improve the symptoms of cancer. Generally used to control or kill malignant cells.Radiation therapyionizing radiation malignantcells

25. Psoriasis Psoriasis: A chronic skin disease characterized scaly pink patches on the elbows, knees, scalp, and other parts of the body. Causes: T cells, a type of white blood cell, are at the root of it. They are overgrowing and attacking the area of skin where the psoriasis is located. The immune system in someone with psoriasis promotes inflammation and a speedy growth of skin cells.

26. Treatment Psoriasis is an incurable disease. Topical treatments are rubbed directly into the affected skin to bring local relief.skin Steroid-based creams. The mainstay of psoriasis treatment, steroid creams decrease inflammation, relieve itching, and block the production of cells that are overproduced in psoriasis.itching Prescription retinoids: These topical preparations containing a synthetic form of vitamin A can help improve psoriasis. Light therapy: Even regular doses of sunlight can help psoriasis lesions in many people.

27. Herpes Herpes: Inflammation of the skin or mucous membranes that is caused by herpes viruses and characterized by collections of small blisters. There are two types of herpes: herpes simplex and herpes zoster. There are two types of Herpes simplex (HSV):Type I causes the common cold sore and Type II is mainly associated with genital herpes, which is sexually transmitted. Herpes zoster is also called Shingles which is caused by the same virus as chickenpox and is characterized by a rash and a burning sensation.

28. Treatment There is no treatment that can cure herpes. But antiviral medications can shorten and prevent outbreaks during the period of time the person takes the medication. In addition, daily suppressive therapy for symptomatic herpes can reduce transmission.

29. Evolution of Epithelial Cells Epithelia arose at the time of the emergence of primitive metazoans in Precambrian times, approximately 600 million years ago. Differentiation into an epithelial state is essentially the first coordinated activity the blastomeres of the animal embryo undertake The structure of epithelia is remarkably similar in all eumetazoans and reflects a highly complex and conserved mode of cell differentiation.

30. Mesenchymal cells convert to epithelial cells and contribute to the formation of secondary epithelia This provided additional complexity in compartmentalization in metazoans that lead to the formation of physiologically different tissues and organs

31. The subsequent segregation of functions produced more specialized cell types, such as external epithelial cells and primitive gut cells that retained and optimized protective and nutritive functions Likewise, the myoepithelial cells (found in the sweat glands, mammary glands, etc.) gave rise to separate epithelial, sensory neuronal and contractile muscle cell types.

32. Diversification of the cnidarian myoepithelial cell into the sensory, motor neuron and muscle cell.

33. Questions What are the three parts f the integumentary system? What are their functions?

34. The Epidermis made up of: a) cuboidal epithelium b) stratified squamous epithelium c) simple columnar epithelium d) stratified squamos epithelium e) all of the above are correct

35. How many different types of Epithelial tissue are there? a) 4 b) 5 c) 6 d) 7 e) not shown above