1. C HAPTER 8 Political Geography

2. A GENDA 1. Vocabulary 2. PPT Lecture 3. Video on Imperialism 4. Exit Ticket Questions

3. V OCABULARY Directions : On a sheet of paper, define word, and use in context in a sentence (13 mins.) 1. City-state 2. Colonialism 3. Colony 4. Compact state 5. Microstate 6. State 7. Imperialism 8. Prorupted state 9. Sovereignty

4. N ATIONS OF THE W ORLD Political geographers study how people have organized Earth’s land surface into countries and alliances, reasons underlying the observed arrangements, and the conflicts that result from the organization.

5. P OLITICAL G EOGRAPHY Key Issues 1. Where are states located? 2. Why do boundaries between states cause problems? 3. Why do states cooperate with each other? 4. Why has terrorism increased?

6. E ND OF THE C OLD W AR Between the mid-1940s and the late 1980s two superpowers—the United States and the Soviet Union—essentially “ruled” the world. But the United States is less dominant in the political landscape of the twenty-first century, and the Soviet Union no longer exists. Today globalization means more connections among states. Power is exercised through connections among states created primarily for economic cooperation.

7. K EY I SSUE 1: D EFINING S TATES AND D EVELOPMENT OF THE S TATE C ONCEPT Problems of defining states Korea: one state or two? China and Taiwan: one state or two? Western Sahara Varying sizes of states Development of the state concept Ancient and medieval states Colonies

8. A NTARCTICA : N ATIONAL C LAIMS Antarctica is the only large landmass on Earth’s surface that is not part of a state. Several states claim portions of Antarctica. The United States, Russia, and a number of other states do not recognize the claims of any country to Antarctica. The Treaty of Antarctica, signed in 1959 and renewed in 1991, provides a legal framework for managing Antarctica. Fig. 8-2: Antarctica is the only large landmass that is not part of a state, but several countries claim portions of it.

9. K OREA : O NE S TATE OR T WO ? A colony of Japan for many years, Korea was divided into two occupation zones by the United States and former Soviet Union after they defeated Japan in World War II. Both Korean governments are committed to reuniting the country into one sovereign state. Meanwhile, in 1992, North Korea and South Korea were admitted to the United Nations as separate countries.

10. C HINA AND T AIWAN : O NE S TATE OR T WO ? According to China’s government officials, Taiwan is not a separate sovereign state but is a part of China. Until 1999 the government of Taiwan agreed. After losing, nationalist leaders in 1949 fled to the island of Taiwan, 200 kilometers (120 miles) off the Chinese coast (and) proclaimed that they were still the legitimate rulers of the entire country of China. Most other governments in the world consider China and Taiwan as two separate and sovereign states. Taiwan’s president announced in 1999 that Taiwan would also regard itself as a sovereign independent state.

11. W ESTERN S AHARA (S AHRAWI R EPUBLIC ) The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is considered by most African countries as a sovereign state. Morocco, however, controls the territory, which it calls Western Sahara. The United Nations is sponsoring a referendum for the residents of Western Sahara to decide whether they want independence or want to continue to be part of Morocco.

12. V ARYING S IZE OF S TATES The largest state is Russia, which encompasses 6.6 million square miles, or 11 percent of the world’s entire land area. Five other states with more than 2 million square miles include China, Canada, United States, Brazil, and Australia. At the other extreme are about two dozen microstates, which are states with very small land areas. Many of these are islands, which explains both their small size and sovereignty. The smallest microstate in the United Nations is Monaco at only 0.6 square miles.

14. A GENDA (M ON, 16 M AY ) 1. Video on Imperialism 2. PPT Lecture…note taking 3. Exit Ticket Questions (Issue: 1) 4. PPT Lecture (Issue 2)…note taking

15. P LAY V IDEO Imperialism: Crash Course World History #35 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=alJaltUmrGo&list=PL7_CbDtk6MRgwpT- n1IFObg_wAAt2DCdz

16. E ARLIEST C IVILIZATIONS The first states to evolve in Mesopotamia were known as city-states. A city-state is a sovereign state that comprises a town and the surrounding countryside. Periodically, one city or tribe in Mesopotamia would gain military dominance over the others and form an empire. Meanwhile, the state of Egypt emerged as a separate empire at the western end of the Fertile Crescent (in a) long, narrow region along the banks of the Nile River. Egypt’s empire lasted from approximately 3000 B.C. until the fourth century B.C.

17. E UROPEAN E MPIRES The United Kingdom assembled by far the largest colonial empire, with colonies on every continent. France had the second largest overseas territory, although its colonies were concentrated in West Africa and Southeast Asia. Both the British and the French also took control of a large number of strategic islands. Portugal, Spain, Germany, Italy, Denmark, the Netherlands, and Belgium all established colonies outside Europe.

18. C OLONIAL P OSSESSIONS, 1914 Fig. 8-4: By the outbreak of World War I, European states held colonies throughout the world, especially throughout Africa and in much of Asia.

19. C OLONIAL P RACTICES The colonial practices of European states varied. France attempted to assimilate its colonies into French culture. The British created different government structures and policies for various territories of their empire. This decentralized approach helped to protect the diverse cultures. Most African and Asian colonies became independent after World War II.

20. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 1. Which of the following is NOT a political region that has a questionable status regarding statehood? a. Korea b. Japan c. Taiwan d. Western Sahara 2. The earliest states developed in what region? a. Mesopotamia b. The Nile Valley c. Europe d. None of the above 3. Which of the following is NOT a motivation for European Colonialism? a. Glory b. God c. Goodness d. Gold

21. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 4. A group of people who occupy a particular area and have a strong sense of unity based on a set of shared beliefs is a 1. tribe. 2. prorated state. 3. nation. 4. unitary state. 5. centripetal force. 5. An area organized into an independent political unit is a 1. colony. 2. nationality. 3. state. 4. suburb. 5. satellite. 6. A state with control over its internal affairs has 1. Nationality 2. centripetal forces. 3. suffrage. 4. sovereignty. 5. ethnicity

22. K EY I SSUE 2:B OUNDARIES AND B OUNDARY P ROBLEMS OF S TATES Shapes of states Five basic shapes Landlocked states Types of boundaries Physical boundaries Cultural boundaries Boundaries inside states Unitary and federal states Trend toward federal government Electoral geography

23. P LAY V IDEO How The States Got Their Shapes TN GA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AW3OdksQG0k

24. A GENDA (T UE, 17 M AY ) Videos: How Missouri Got its Shape How Nevada Got its Shape PPT Lecture…note taking Group Activity: Identify states/countries Exit Ticket Questions

25. P LAY V IDEOS [How the States Got Their Shapes] Missouri https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v1odJ9foams [How The States Got Their Shapes] Nevada https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3FuunFsGik4

26. 5 B ASIC S HAPES OF S TATES 1. Compact 2. Prorupted 3. Elongated 4. Fragmented 5. Perforated

27. C OMPACT S TATES : E FFICIENT In a compact state, the distance from the center to any boundary does not vary significantly. Compactness is a beneficial characteristic for most smaller states, because good communications can be more easily established to all regions.

28. P RORUPTED S TATES : A CCESS OR D ISRUPTION ? An otherwise compact state with a large projecting extension is a prorupted state. A proruption can provide a state with access to a resource, such as water. Proruptions can also separate two states that otherwise would share a boundary.

29. E LONGATED S TATES : P OTENTIAL I SOLATION There are a handful of elongated states, or states with a long and narrow shape. The best example is Chile. A less extreme example of an elongated state is Italy. Elongated states may suffer from poor internal communications.

30. F RAGMENTED S TATES : P ROBLEMATIC A fragmented state includes several discontinuous pieces of territory. There are two kinds of fragmented states: those with areas separated by water, and those separated by an intervening state. A difficult type of fragmentation occurs if the two pieces of territory are separated by another state. Picture the difficulty of communicating between Alaska and the lower 48 states if Canada were not a friendly neighbor. For most of the twentieth century, Panama was an example of a fragmented state divided in two parts by the Canal, built in 1914 by the United States.

31. P ERFORATED S TATES A state that completely surrounds another one is a perforated state. The one good example of a perforated state is South Africa, which completely surrounds the state of Lesotho.

32. L ANDLOCKED S TATES Lesotho is unique in being completely surrounded by only one state, but it shares an important feature with several other states in southern Africa, as well as in other regions: It is landlocked. The prevalence of landlocked states in Africa is a remnant of the colonial era, when Britain and France controlled extensive regions. Direct access to an ocean is critical to states because it facilitates international trade. To send and receive goods by sea, a landlocked state must arrange to use another country’s seaport.

33. G ROUP A CTIVITY Directions : In groups of 3, identify and list 2-3 of the following states/countries. (Be sure to draw a small picture of the states as well): 1. Elongated 2. Prorupted 3. Perforated 4. Compacted 5. Fragmented 6. Landlocked

34. A GENDA _T HU, 19 M AY 1. Quiz on Shapes of States 2. PPT Lecture…note taking 3. Exit Ticket Questions (Issue 2) 4. Video on Issue 3 5. PPT Lecture…note taking (Issue 3)

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37. A FRICAN S TATES Fig. 8-6: Southern, central, and eastern Africa include states that are compact, elongated, prorupted, fragmented, and perforated.

38. F RONTIERS : THE A RABIAN P ENINSULA Fig. 8-8: Several states in the Arabian Peninsula are separated by frontiers rather than precise boundaries.

39. B OUNDARIES : PHYSICAL AND CULTURAL Neither type of boundary is better or more “natural,” and many boundaries are a combination of both types. Important physical features on Earth’s surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen, both on a map and on the ground. Three types of physical elements serve as boundaries between states: mountains deserts water

40. C OASTAL W ATERS The use of water as boundaries between states can cause difficulties. Example: Rivers can change course, thereby changing the boundary. Ocean boundaries also cause problems because states generally claim that the boundary lies not at the coastline but out at sea. The reasons are for defense and for control of valuable fishing industries.

41. C ULTURAL B OUNDARIES The boundaries between some states coincide with differences in ethnicity. Other cultural boundaries are drawn according to geometry; they simply are straight lines drawn on a map.

42. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 1. The five basic shapes of countries are: compact, prorupted, elongated, fragmented and ________. a. Landlocked b. Gerrymander c. Perculated d. Perforated 2. A proruption can provide a state with access to a resource, such as _______. a. Fish b. Crops c. Water d. Coal

43. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 3. Important __________ features on Earth’s surface can make good boundaries because they are easily seen, both on a map and on the ground. a. Human b. Psychological c. Physical d. Prominent 4. Direct access to an ocean is critical to states because it facilitates what? a. Ocean voyages b. Sporting events c. International trade. d. Fishing opportunities

44. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 5. A state that completely surrounds another one is a _____________ state. a. Perforated b. Prorupted c. Elongated d. Fragmented 6. Elongated states may suffer from poor internal _______________. a. Cooperation b. Support from its people c. Communications d. struggles

45. C HAPTER 8 Key Issue 3. Why Do States Cooperate with each other?  Political and military cooperation  Economic cooperation

46. P LAY V IDEO How Does The UN Work? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlmYtJiUK00

47. W HY D O S TATES C OOPERATE WITH E ACH O THER ? The future of the world's current collection of sovereign states is also threatened by the trend toward globalization. All but a handful of states have joined the United Nations, although it has limited authority. But states are willingly transferring authority to regional organizations (e.g. the UN), established primarily for economic cooperation.

48. P OLITICAL AND M ILITARY C OOPERATION During the Cold War era (late 1940s until early 1990s) most states joined the United Nations, as well as regional organizations (e.g. NATO, etc.). These international and regional organizations were established primarily to prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and to protect countries from a foreign attack. With the end of the Cold War, some of these organizations have flourished and found new roles, whereas others have withered.

49. A GENDA _F RI, 20 M AY 1. Video: What is NATO? 2. PPT Lecture…note taking 3. Video: European Union Explained 4. Exit Ticket Questions (Issue 3) We will start and finish Issue 4 on Mon,23 May.

50. P LAY V IDEO What is NATO? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=etlOUcaKZgA

51. T HE U NITED N ATIONS When established in 1945, the United Nations comprised 49 states, but membership grew to 191 in 2003, making it a truly global institution. The United Nations was not the world's first attempt at international peacemaking. The UN replaced an earlier organization known as the League of Nations, which was established after World War I. The League was never an effective peacekeeping organization. UN members can vote to establish a peacekeeping force and request states to contribute military forces. The United Nations is playing an important role in trying to separate warring groups in a number of regions, especially in Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and sub-Saharan Africa.

52. T HE U NITED N ATIONS, C ONT. Because it must rely on individual countries to supply troops, the UN often lacks enough of them to keep peace effectively. (Think of the UN Troops example from “Hotel Rwanda”) Despite its shortcomings, though, the United Nations represents a forum where, for the first time in history virtually all states of the world can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war.

53. R EGIONAL M ILITARY A LLIANCES In addition to joining the United Nations, many states joined regional military alliances after World War II. The division of the world into military alliances resulted from the emergence of two states as superpowers-the United States and the Soviet Union.

54. E RA OF T WO S UPERPOWERS During the Cold War era, the United States and the Soviet Union were the world's two superpowers. Before then, the world typically contained more than two superpowers. For example, during the Napoleonic Wars in the early 1800s, Europe boasted eight major powers: Austria, France, Great Britain, Poland, Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Sweden. In contrast, the post-World War II balance of power was bipolar between the United States and the Soviet Union.

55. E RA OF T WO S UPERPOWERS, C ONT. Because the power of these two states was so much greater than all others, the world comprised two camps, each under the influence of one of the superpowers. Other states lost the ability to tip the scales significantly in favor of one or the other superpower. Both superpowers repeatedly demonstrated that they would use military force if necessary to prevent an ally from becoming too independent.

56. M ILITARY C OOPERATION IN E UROPE After World War II, most European states joined one of two military alliances dominated by the superpowers: NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) or the Warsaw Pact. NATO was a military alliance among 16 democratic states, including the United States and Canada, plus 14 European states. The Warsaw Pact was a military agreement among Communist Eastern European countries to defend each other in case of attack. NATO and the Warsaw Pact were designed to maintain a bipolar balance of power in Europe.

57. M ILITARY C OOPERATION IN E UROPE, C ONT. In a Europe no longer dominated by military confrontation between two blocs, the Warsaw Pact and NATO became obsolete. The number of troops under NATO command was sharply reduced and the Warsaw Pact was disbanded. Membership in NATO offers Eastern European countries an important sense of security against any future Russian threat, no matter how remote that appears at that moment, as well as participation in a common united Europe.

58. E CONOMIC C OOPERATION The era of a bipolar balance of power formally ended when the Soviet Union was disbanded in 1992. Instead the world has returned to the pattern of more than two superpowers that predominated before World War II. But the contemporary pattern of global power displays two key differences: 1. The most important elements of state power are increasingly economic rather than military; Japan and Germany have joined the ranks of superpowers on their economic success whereas Russian as slipped in strength because of economic problems. 2. The leading superpower in the 1990s is not a single state, such as the United States or Russia, but an, economic union of European states.

59. E CONOMIC C OOPERATION, C ONT. With the decline in the military-oriented alliances, European states increasingly have turned to economic cooperation. Western Europe's most important economic organization is the European Union (formerly known as the European Economic Community, the Common Market, and the European Community).

60. P LAY V IDEO The European Union Explained* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O37yJBFRrfg

61. E CONOMIC C OOPERATION, C ONT. However, the European Union has taken on more importance in recent years, as member states seek greater economic and political cooperation. It has removed most barriers to free trade: with a few exceptions, goods, services, capital, and people can move freely through Europe. Trucks can carry goods across borders without stopping, and a bank can open branches in any member country with supervision only by the bank's home country. The introduction of the Euro as the common currency in 11 European Union countries eliminated most of the remaining differences in prices, interest rates, and other economic policies within the region. The effect of these actions has been to turn Western Europe into the world's wealthiest market.

62. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 1. States/countries are willingly transferring authority to regional organizations (e.g. the E.U.), established primarily for what? a. Inability to self-govern b. Lack of resources c. Military backing d. Economic cooperation 2. International and regional organizations such as N.A.T.O. and the Warsaw Pact were established primarily to prevent a third world war in the twentieth century and to protect countries from what? a. A foreign attack b. Illegal migrations c. Illegal trade d. Terrorism

63. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS, C ONT. 3. The UN replaced an earlier organization known as the ________ _______, which was established after World War I. a. National League of European Countries b. United League of Sovereign States c. League of Nations d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization 4. Despite its shortcomings, though, the _________ ________ represents a forum where, for the first time in history virtually all states of the world can meet and vote on issues without resorting to war. a. United Nations b. League of Nations c. NATO d. Warsaw Pact

64. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS, C ONT. 5. Western Europe's most important economic organization is what? a. United Nations b. European Union c. NATO d. League of Nations 6. The most important elements of state power are increasingly __________ rather than military; a. Political b. Decentralized c. Polarized d. Economic

65. C HAPTER 8 Key Issue 4. Why Has Terrorism Increased?

66. P LAY V IDEO Why Do Some People Become Terrorists? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oYuZLHkUD04

67. K EY I SSUE 4: W HY H AS T ERRORISM I NCREASED ? Terrorism- systematic use of violence by a group in order to intimidate a population or coerce a government into granting its demands Violence is seen as necessary to bring attention to problems not being addressed through peaceful means Terrorism is applied to actions by groups rather than official governments, although some states provide support for terrorists

69. T ERRORISM Terrorism Differs from assassination because civilians are targets, not political leaders or the military Terrorists consider all citizens responsible for the actions being opposed, so they are all legit targets. Distinguishing terrorism from political violence is difficult- is a suicide bombing a terrorist attack or an act of war? Depends on your perspective.

70. T ERRORIST A TTACKS 1988- Pan Am 103 shot down 1993- WTC bomb 1995- Oklahoma City 1998- US embassies in E. Africa 2000- USS Cole 2001- 9/11

72. A MERICAN T ERRORISTS Timothy McVeigh executed for Oklahoma City- motivated by FBI attack in Waco, TX Theodore (Ted) Kaczynski- (Unabomber) sent bombs through the mail over 17 years- academics in technology and businessmen harming the environment

73. U NABOMBER ’ S HOMEMADE GUN

74. 9/11 4 planes, 19 hijackers, 3,000 deaths Al-Qaeda means “the foundation” Bin Laden family became rich through close connections to the Saudi royal family Osama bin Laden used his inheritance to fund Al Qaeda Moved to Afghanistan in 1980s to help fight Soviets

75. 9/11 A 1998 fatwa, or religious decree, bin Laden argued all Muslims had a religious duty to wage a holy war (jihad) against US citizens because the US is responsible for: 1. Maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia 2. Supporting a Jewish state of Israel

76. 9/11 Estimated 20,000 members, isolated autonomous cells Sleeper cell- blend into normal society, hold jobs, wait for orders. Other extremist organizations take the “brand name” Al Qaeda as a symbol of legitimacy

77. S TATE S UPPORT FOR T ERRORISM Three levels of support: 1. Providing sanctuary 2. Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence 3. Planning attacks using terrorists

78. L IBYA Accused of sponsoring a bombing of a nightclub in Berlin Pan Am flight 103 US bombed Libya in response Qaddafi renounced terrorism and agreed to provide compensation to families- 2003 3 states have been accused by US of supporting terrorism since 9/11- Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran

79. A FGHANISTAN 1973- Afghan king overthrown 1978- Gov’t established that sympathized w/ USSR USSR invaded after mujahedeen (holy warriors) rebelled against gov’t (1979) USSR withdrew in 1989, gov’t collapsed in 1992 1995- Taliban gained control of country They sheltered Al Qaeda

80. P LAY V IDEO Iraq Explained -- ISIS, Syria and War https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AQPlREDW-Ro

81. I RAQ While most states supported Afghan invasion, few supported invasion of Iraq Saddam Hussein took power in ’79 1980- 8 year war with Iran- stalemate Nuclear reactor blown up in 1981 by Israel 1988- 5000 Kurds die by poison gas 1990- Iraq invades Kuwait 1991- Desert Storm

83. I RAQ While almost the entire UN supported Desert Storm, few supported US invasion in 2003 to remove Saddam Hussein Why? 1991 was to end an unjustified invasion. 2003 no one believed Hussein still possessed weapons of mass destruction or intended to use them. US assessment was based on faulty intelligence US assertion that Iraq had ties to Al-Qaeda was false

87. I RAQ Ruling Ba’ath party based on pan-Arabism- 1 Arab nation sharing oil wealth Philosophy not derived from religion like Al- Qaeda So US changed justification to Saddam is a bad man and needs to be removed- “regime change” Other countries believe you don’t violate sovereignty simply because you don’t like the leader Kurds support US, Sunnis, Shi’ites oppose US invasion

89. I RAN 1979- Revolution overthrows Shah as people demanded more democracy Replaced by Ayatollah Khomeini who declared Iran an Islamic republic and made himself dictator Seized US embassy in 1979 and held 62 Americans hostage until 1981 Fought 8 year war w/ Iran over Shatt al-Arab, 1.5 million dead,

91. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 1. What is the English translation of “al-Qaeda?” a. “Holy War” b. “The Foundation” c. “Divine Wind” d. “The Struggle” 2. Which of the following countries is NOT thought to be a state that has supported terrorism in recent years? a. Libya b. Afghanistan c. Kuwait d. Iran

92. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 3. Terrorists consider all _________ responsible for the actions being opposed, so they are all legit targets. a. People on earth b. Military personnel c. Citizens d. Political figures only 4. Which American terrorist was executed for the Oklahoma City bombing, which was motivated by the FBI attack in Waco, TX? a. Timothy McVeigh b. Lee Harvey Oswald c. Jim Jones d. Theodore (Ted) Kaczynski

93. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 5. A 1998 fatwa, or religious decree, bin Laden argued all Muslims had a religious duty to wage a holy war (jihad) against US citizens because the US is responsible for maintaining the Saud royal family as rulers of Saudi Arabia and what else? a. Providing weapons to Anti-Muslim states b. Supporting a Jewish state of Israel c. Being Anti-Muslim d. Meddling in Middle East affairs

94. E XIT T ICKET Q UESTIONS 6. Which Middle Eastern country seized the US embassy in 1979 and held 62 Americans hostage until 1981? a. Iraq b. Afghanistan c. Iran d. Kuwait 7. Regarding state support of terrorism, the three levels of support are: 1) Providing sanctuary, 2) Supplying weapons, money, and intelligence, and what else? a. Planning attacks using terrorists b. Training terrorists on guerilla tactics c. Transportation to terrorists in support of attacks d. Providing terrorist training camps