1. Michal Kevin Gerald Daniel

2. What is the Test?  A theory that computers could surpass human intelligence, for this to happen Allan Turing comprised a “test” that AI would have to pass to conclude this.  The original test was to determine whether a computer could “think” like a human.

3. What is the Test?  The idea that if AI could “fool” humans into believing it was human itself it would be an important milestone for surpassing human intelligence. Ball, P. (2015). The truth about the Turing test. Available: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150724-the-problem-with-the-turing-test. Last accessed 03/03/2016.

4. How it works.  The computer can be understood to be “thinking” if passed the test specifically; a computer could dupe 30% of human interrogators in 5 minutes text conversations.  Griffin, A. (2014). Turing Test breakthrough as super-computer becomes first to convince us it's human. Available: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/computer- becomes-first-to-pass-turing-test-in-artificial-intelligence-milestone- but-academics-warn-9508370.html. Last accessed 03/03/2016.

5. Eugene Goostman.  A computer that passed this test was in Russia that acted as a 13 year old boy as it convinced 33% of judges that it was human. Not a supercomputer but just cleaver software. Arguable if it really counts as a machine “thinking”.  K. Warwinck, H. Shah 2014, Effects of lying in practical Turing tests AL & Society, Volume 31, Issue 1, pp 5-15

6. However  Del Prado argues that the Turing test is not a true representation of AI and machines being able to surpass human intelligence.  It explains that it is a distraction from true AI being developed as people are too focused on the test itself.  Del Prado, G. (2015). Researchers say the Turing Test is almost worthless. Available: http://uk.businessinsider.com/ai-researchers- arent-trying-to-pass-the-turing-test-2015-8. Last accessed 03/03/2016

7. Kevin Warwick on effects of lying in Turing tests  An author and analysist, Kevin Warwick has discussed the effects of lying in the practical Turing tests. In one of the tests, Warwick has discovered that harmless, or so called ‘’white lie’, may have an effect on the judges’ incorrect classification.  K. Warwinck, H. Shah 2014, Effects of lying in practical Turing tests AL & Society, Volume 31, Issue 1, pp 5-15

8. Justin Leiber on why the Turing Test is important  Turing was adamant for just that reason that what counts could only be that a real mechanism should REALLY PASS the test.  In everyday life, in law, in science, and in myth that the Turing Test is surely a natural  Turing Test is a reasonably detailed description of a machine which can indeed be supposed to pass the Test in real time but which somehow is not really thinking.

9. A Turing Test for Computer Game Bots  ability of computer game playing agents to imitate human game players.

10. References  Ball, P. (2015). The truth about the Turing test. Available: http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20150724-the-problem-with-the-turing-test. Last accessed 03/03/2016.  Griffin, A. (2014). Turing Test breakthrough as super-computer becomes first to convince us it's human. Available: http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets- and-tech/computer-becomes-first-to-pass-turing-test-in-artificial-intelligence- milestone-but-academics-warn-9508370.html. Last accessed 03/03/2016.  Christian, B. (2011). Mind vs Machine. Available: http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/03/mind-vs-machine/308386/. Last accessed 03/03/2016.  Marcus, G. (2014). What Comes After the Turing Test?. Available: http://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/what-comes-after-the-turing-test. Last accessed 03/03/2016.  Del Prado, G. (2015). Researchers say the Turing Test is almost worthless. Available: http://uk.businessinsider.com/ai-researchers-arent-trying-to-pass-the-turing-test-2015- 8. Last accessed 03/03/2016  Warwick, K. (2009). Passing The Turing Test. Available: http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/18/turing-test-reading-opinions-contributors-artificial- intelligence-09-warwick.html. Last accessed 03/03/2016. http://www.forbes.com/2009/06/18/turing-test-reading-opinions-contributors-artificial- intelligence-09-warwick.html. Last accessed 03/03/2016  K. Warwinck, H. Shah 2014, Effects of lying in practical Turing tests AL & Society, Volume 31, Issue 1, pp 5-15

11. References  Roblert Pleming 2010, Dehumanising the Turing test, Article Type: Letter to the Editor From: Kybernetes, Volume 39, Issue 3  K. Warwick, H. Shah 2015, Human misidentification in Turing tests, Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, volume 27, issue 2, pages 123-135  D. Green, S. German, N. Hallonquist, L. Younes, A. Affiliations, December 2014, Visual Turing test for computer vision systems, Visual turing test, volume 112, number 12  D. Berrar, A. Konagaya, A. Schuster, October 2013, Turing Test Considered Mostly Harmless, New Generation Computing, Volume 31, Issue 4, pp 241-263, New Generation ComputingVolume 31, Issue 4, pp 241-263  Stuart M. Shieber, 2004, The Turing Test:Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence, Computing & Processing,

12. References  BBC News, (2014). Computer AI passes Turing test in 'world first' - BBC News. [online] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-27762088 [Accessed 3 Mar. 2016].  H. Moor, J. (2003). The Turing Test - The Elusive Standard of Artificial Intelligence. Springer Netherlands, pp.1-21.  J. Rapaport, W. (2005). The Turing Test. [online] cse.buffalo.edu. Available at: http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/Papers/ell2.pdf [Accessed 18 Jan. 2005].  Leiber, J. (1995). OnTuring's Turing Test and why thematter matters. Synthese, 104(1), pp.59-69.  Rouse, M. (2015). What is Turing test? - Definition from WhatIs.com. [online] WhatIs.com. Available at: http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Turing-Test [Accessed 3 Mar. 2016].  Hingston,P(2009) A Turing Test for Computer Game Bots Available from: http://0- ieeexplore.ieee.org.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=52470 69&tag=1 [Accessed: 0303/2016]http://0- ieeexplore.ieee.org.lispac.lsbu.ac.uk/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=52470 69&tag=1