1. Restructuring of the Scientific Picture Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20161 A Holistic Approach to Relativity, Cosmology and the Essence of a Quantum Tuomo Suntola

2. Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20162 Application of the zero-energy principle requires “from whole to local” approach to space  we first define space as spherically closed structure with the energies of motion and gravitation in balance, then  we analyze the dynamics of space as whole, and finally  we study how the zero-energy balance is conserved in local interactions in space – and, what kind of predictions it produces for observable phenomena From whole to local We will find that zero-energy space  shows the mechanism of the energy build-up in space and produces predictions for the past and future development of the expansion of space  shows relativistic phenomena in absolute time and distance – in terms of locally available energy (instead of dilated time and contracted length)  produces cosmological predictions that fit observations with high accuracy without parameters like dark energy and density parameters  discloses the linkage between local and whole in all interactions in space (Mach’s principle)  discloses the essence of mass as wavelike substance for the expression of energy

3. Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20163 Local approach: observer oriented reality Eudoxus, the father of the epicycle model, considered epicycles as a geometric tool for the illustration of planetary motions. In his Metaphysics, Aristotle describes Eudoxus’s model as the real mechanism of planetary motions. Distorted time and distance as the explanation for the relativity of observations is a real property of nature. v “Length contraction "really" exist, in so far as it doesn't exist for a comoving observer; though it "really" exists, i.e. in such a way that it could be demonstrated in principle by physical means by a non-comoving observer.” A. Einstein, Physikalische Zeitschrift 12: 509–510 (1911) http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/zwdwwmn/revision/2

4. Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20164 Local approach: observer oriented reality What determines the characteristic frequency of atomic oscillators? Can we find any physical reason for the slowed frequency of atomic clocks in motion or close to mass centers, or shall we blame the flow of time? Is the velocity of light linked to observer’s frame of reference? Are time dilation and length contraction actual properties of reality or are they “epicycles” in modern physics? Distorted time and distance as the explanation for the relativity of observations is considered a real property of nature.

5. From observer-oriented to system-oriented reality By setting Earth at the center, Ptolemaic astronomers lost the structure of the planetary system and the observer’s motion in the system. Copernicus introduced a system-oriented perspective of the Sun and the planets which uncovered the effect of observer’s location and motion in the system. Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury Moon Sun Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20165 We are now looking for a system-oriented perspective for whole space in order to reorient ourselves in the system and uncover a possible hidden motion we are subject to in the system.

6. From observer-oriented to system-oriented reality By setting Earth at the center, Ptolemaic astronomers lost the structure of the planetary system and the observer’s motion in the system. Copernicus introduced a system-oriented perspective of the Sun and the planets which uncovered the effect of observer’s location and motion in the system. Saturn Jupiter Mars Earth Venus Mercury Moon Sun Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20166 We are now looking for a system-oriented perspective for whole space in order to reorient ourselves in the system and uncover a possible hidden motion we are subject to in the system.

7. Re Im Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20167 For closing a 2-dimensional entity, we need the third dimension, to form the surface of a sphere like the Earth. Spherically closed space x R4R4 y z R4R4 x r4r4 For closing a 3-dimensional entity, we need the fourth dimension to form the 3-dimensional “surface” of a 4-dimensional sphere The first Chapter of Copernicus’s the De Revolutionibus (1543), is titled “The Universe is Spherical”: “First of all, we must note that the universe is spherical. The reason is either that, of all forms, the sphere is the most perfect, needing no joint and being a complete whole, … … Hence no one will question the attribution of this form to the divine bodies.”

8. Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20168 Dynamics of spherically closed space Gravitational energy Energy of motion time In spherically closed space gravitation tends to pull the structure towards the center … time

9. The “state of rest” in spherically closed space is associated with a hidden velocity in the fourth dimension – the rest energy of mass m at point A shall be interpreted as the energy of motion in the fourth dimension. Gravitational potential at point A is the integrated gravitational potential from all the mass in space. Energy balance in spherically closed space Gravitational potential at point A is the integrated gravitational potential from all the mass in space. Due to the spherical symmetry, test mass m at A senses the potential as gravitational energy arising from mass M” at the center of the 4D sphere. What means the balance of E m and E g ? Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 20169 A m Motion in space Motion of space c

10. Motion of space and motion in space Total momentum is comprised by the momentum due to motion of space in the fourth dimension (the imaginary direction) and motion in space (the real direction) which is the same result as that obtained in special relativity via coordinate transformations Total energy of motion Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201610 – now obtained as an effect of momentum mc in the fourth dimension!

11. The primary form of the energy of motion The complex presentation of momentum unifies the expressions of energy The energy of motion of mass m at rest in space The energy of electromagnetic radiation propagating in space The energy of motion of mass m moving in space Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201611

12. Reduced flow of time or reduced frequency of clocks? What determines the characteristic frequency of atomic oscillators running atomic clocks? Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201612

13. Atomic oscillators The frequency is directly proportional to the speed of light! Are the rest mass and the speed of light constants – or are they related to the state of motion or gravitation? The characteristic frequency of atomic oscillators? Applying Maxwell’s equations, Planck’s constant can be expressed as h=h 0 c Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201613 The frequency is directly proportional to the rest mass of electron!

14. The effect of motion on atomic oscillators Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201614 -rest momentum – and the frequency of a clock are functions of velocity -time and distance are functions of velocity -rest mass and the speed of light are constants Dilated time Reduced frequency -time and distance, as coordinate quantities, are constants

15. Relative observations or universal laws of nature Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201615

16. The principle of relativity or universal laws of nature t c v Relativity principle: The observational reality is adjusted in such a way that the laws of nature we have adopted appear unchanged for the observer … Universal laws of nature: The laws of nature shall apply in the observational reality where the coordinate quantities, time and distance, have univocal meanings … Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201616

17. The principle of relativity or universal laws of nature t ' c v v c t Motion in space is associated with motion of space ! Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201617 Relativity principle: The observational reality is adjusted in such a way that the laws of nature we have adopted appear unchanged for the observer … Universal laws of nature: The laws of nature shall apply in the observational reality where the coordinate quantities, time and distance, have univocal meanings …

18. The effect of local gravitation on the rest energy Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201618

19. Cause or an effect: geometry of space - gravitational interaction Free fall towards a mass center The velocity of free fall in space is obtained against the reduction of the velocity in the local 4 th dimension gravitation motion Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201619 Local 4D velocity is reducedLocal rest energy is reduced as Tilting of space is affected by the removal of mass M from the symmetry

20. The system of nested energy frames Homogeneous space for the frame around mass M 1 M1M1 M2M2 M3M3 R1R1 Homogeneous space for the frame around mass M 2 Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201620

21. Relativity of observations Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201621 Relativity between an observer and an object (kinematic, local approach => coordinate transformations) A state of motion and gravitation is related to the state of rest in hypothetical homogeneous space through the system of nested energy frames Relativity between local and whole (dynamic, global approach => locally available energy) Relativity of observations indicates that something is finite in our observational reality Observer oriented approach: The velocity of light is the upper limit for observed velocities A system approach: The total energy in space is finite

22. Dents around mass centers Mercury Venus Earth Sun Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201622

23. The 4D depth profile of the planetary system Distance from the Sun (light minutes) 0100200300400 Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Sun dR" x 1000 km 50 100 150 200 ACSRQCAML DU-kirjat Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201623

24. The velocity of light in the vicinity of the Earth 10 0 -10  c [cm/s] in Solar frame Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201624 Earth aphelion perihelion Moon 146 148 150 152 Distance from the Sun ∙10 6 km July 4 January 4 Moon 30 20 10 0 Earth  c [cm/s]

25. The velocity of light in local space The apparent location of the mass equivalence of space follows the local geometry of space To conserve the zero-energy balance, the potential well around a mass center follows the motion of the mass center without delay The local velocity of light is locked to the local 4- radius of space In the vicinity of the Earth the velocity of light is locked to the ECI-frame (Earth Centered Inertial frame) Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201625

26. Unifying the relativity tests 1970s >> Global Positioning System (GPS) f e 1976 Gravity Probe A Hydrogen maser to 10 000 km. Maser transmitter receiver f' f" Maser transmitter ”Rest clock” in the ECI frame 1971 (Hafele-Keating) Caesium-clocks in airplanes. Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201626 In the vicinity of the Earth the velocity of light is locked to the ECI-frame (Earth Centered Inertial frame) - not to the observer The zero-result of the famous Michelson-Morley experiment (1887) measuring the effect of the orbital velocity of the Earth on the velocity of light is guaranteed without any coordinate transformations. Michelson-Gale experiment (1925) measuring the effect of rotational velocity of the Earth suggested the ECI frame as the light propagation frame The “Sagnac- effect” adds the effect of the motion of the receiver in the ECI-frame The local velocity of light is locked to the local 4-radius of space

27. The picture of reality at cosmological scale Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201627

28. Cosmological picture, FLRW cosmology – Dynamic Universe Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201628 R4R4 ”Inflation” phase Quantum fluctuation, appearance of energy Ongoing expansion Contraction phase: The energy of motion is obtained against release of gravitational energy Energy of gravitation Energy of motion time

29. and the coordinate quantities, time and distance become functions of the gravitational state and the velocity of the object. If the zero-energy principle in spherically closed space is postulated, The alternatives Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201629 the velocity of light and the rest mass are constants, the geometry and the development of space are determined, the geometry, and the development of space is unknown, the coordinate quantities, time and distance are constants, If the relativity principle and the equivalence principle are postulated, and the velocity of light and the rest mass become functions of the gravitational state and the velocity of the object.

30. Relativity principle or zero-energy principle Relativity principle Equivalence principle The angular size of distance objects is magnified Magnitudes of distant objects suggest dark energy Orbits near black holes are unstable Problem with the concept of time Distant space appear Euclidean The frequency of a clock is determined by the energy state Zero-energy principle Orbits near black holes are stable No dark energy needed Shortening of double star period is due to the rotation of the 4D orbital angular momentum Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201630

31. Expanding and non-expanding objects in DU-space. Electromagnetic objects, like atoms, conserve their dimensions R0R0 R0R0 Gravitational systems expand with the expansion of space R 0(1) emitting object R 0(2) t (2) t (1) The wavelength of electromagnetic radiation propagating in space increases in direct proportion to the expansion time Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201631

32. Collection of data: K. Nilsson et al., Astrophys. J., 413, 453 (1993) Angular size of galaxies and quasars, observations / predictions ACSRQCAML log (LAS) 0.010.1110z0.001 (d) Standard model Ω m = 1 Ω L = 0 log (LAS) 0.010.1110z0.001 (d) Dynamic Universe, Euclidean Open circles: galaxies, filled circles: quasars Ω m = 0.3 Ω L = 0.7 Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201632

33. Annual increase of the Earth to Moon distance GRDU Measured38 mm38 mm Expansion of space 028 mm Tidal interactions38 mm10 mm Lunar Laser Ranging ACSRQCAML DU-kirjat Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201633

34. Day / year according to coral fossil data 360 380 400 420 440 460 480 -1000-800-600-400-2000 Time back in millions of years Days 320 340 Length of a year in current days Days in a year ACSRQCAML DU-kirjat DU prediction Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201634

35. z  Magnitude versus redshift: K-corrected Supernova observations Data: A. G. Riess, et al., Astrophys. J., 607, 665 (2004) Standard model (FLRW)  m = 1,   =0 ACSRQCAML DU-kirjat Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201635 Standard model (FLRW)  m = 0.3,   =0.7

36. z  Data: A. G. Riess, et al., Astrophys. J., 607, 665 (2004) Dynamic Universe Magnitude versus redshift: K-corrected Supernova observations ACSRQCAML DU-kirjat Standard model (FLRW)  m = 0.3,   =0.7 Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201636

37. Gravitational waves: GR: Shortening of the period is due to the energy loss resulted by the emission of gravitational waves due to the rotating quadrupole moment of the mass system: GR DU (Taylor 1976-1993-2002) DU: Shortening of the period is due to the energy rotating the 4D angular momentum of the orbit. The energy of rotation of the 4D orbital angular momentum is not cumulated in the angular momentum but radiated to the surrounding space. binary pulsar B1913+16 z 0d (Im 0d ) x0dx0d r (2)0d r (1)0d  L orbit dL orbit  Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201637

38. Restructuring of the Scientific Picture, Summary Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201638 The zero-energy approach describes the energy buildup of space as a balanced interaction of gravitation and motion and produces a detailed description of the observable reality in absolute time and distance essential for human comprehension. There is nothing separate in space; any object in space in linked to the whole, and any mass object contributes to the gravitational potential of whole space. The rest energy of a mass object is counterbalanced by the gravitational energy arisen from all other mass in space. A state of motion is primarily characterized as an energy state. Any motion has its history which links it to the state of rest in the local frame and, through a system of nested energy frames, to the state of rest in homogeneous space – and finally, to the contraction-expansion process of whole space. Mass can be characterized as the wavelike substance for the expression energy – and localized mass objects as mass wave resonators with Compton wave momentum in the fourth dimension and de Broglie momentum as a mass wave in the direction of the motion in space.

39. Thank you for your attention! Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality, The Finnish Society for Natural Philosophy, Helsinki, May 20-21, 201639