1. Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Manesh R. Patel, M.D., Kenneth W. Mahaffey, M.D., Jyotsna Garg, M.S., Guohua Pan, Ph.D., Daniel E. Singer, M.D., Werner Hacke, M.D., Ph.D., Gunter Breithardt, M.D., Jonathan L. Halperin, M.D., Graeme J. Hankey, M.D., Jonathan P. Piccini, M.D., Richard C. Becker, M.D., Christopher C. Nessel, M.D., John F. Paolini, M.D., Ph.D., Scott D. Berkowitz, M.D., Keith A.A. Fox, M.B., Ch.B., Robert M. Califf, M.D., and the ROCKET AF Steering Committee, for the ROCKET AF Investigators* N Engl J Med 2011;365:883-91 R4 김 광 열 / prof. 김 진 배

2. BACKGROUND Atrial fibrilation is associated with an increase in the risk of ischemic stroke  15% in all age, 30% in over the age of 80 yeasrs Vitamin K antagonists (Warfarin)  Highly effective for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular artrial fibirilation  Food and drug interaction  frequent coagulation monitoring and dose adjustments  difficult for many patients to use such drugs in clinical practice

3. BACKGROUND Rivaroxaban –Oral Direct factor Xa inhibitor –More consistent and predictable anticoagulation than warfarin. –Prevent venous thromboembolism more effectively than enoxaparin in patients undergoing orthopedic surgery –Noninferior to enoxaparin followed by warfarin in a study involving patients with established venous thrombosis

4. BACKGROUND Objectives –Compare once-daily oral rivaroxaban with dose-ajusted warfarin for prevention of stroke and systemic embolism –In patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (moderate-to-high risk for stroke)

5. METHODS Study design and oversight  Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrilation (ROCKET AF)  multicenter, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, event-driven trial  Conducted at 1178 participation sites in 45 countries Study participants  Nonvalvular atrial fibrillation  Moderate-to-high risk for stroke  Elevation risk History of stroke, transient ischemic attack, systemic embolism Risk factor ≥2 (heart failure or Lt.ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%, hypertension, age ≥75, diabetes mellitus)

6. METHODS Study treatment  Rivaroxaban :20mg daily or 15mg daily(creatinine clearance of 30 to 49 mL/min)  Adjust-dose warfarin : target INR(2.0~3.0)  Each group also received a placebo tablets Primary efficacy end point  Composite of stroke(ischemic or hemorrhagic) and systemic embolism  Brain imaging, angiographic evaluation Secondary efficacy end point  Composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or death from cardiovascular causes Principal safety end point  Composite of major and nonmajor clinically relevant bleeding events

7. METHODS Statistical analysis  Primary analysis (Per-protocol population) All patients who received at least one dose of a study drug Did not have a major protocol violation Followed for events while receiving a study drug or within 2 days after discontinuation To be conducted for superiority in the saftey population during treatment  Secondary efficacy end points (intention-to-treat population) All patients who underwent randomization Followed for events during treatment or after premature discontinuation

8. METHODS

9. RESULTS

14. CONCLUSION In patients with atrial fibrillation, rivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin for prevention of stroke or systemic embolism. There was no significant between-group difference in the risk of major bleeding, although intracranial and fatal bleeding occurred less frequently in the rivaroxaban group.