1. The Birth of Modern European Thought APEURO – Chapter 24

2. Romanticism Literary, musical, and artistic movement dominating European culture in Late 18 th Century - 1 st half of 19 th century

3. “Sturm & Drang” German Movement “Storm & Stress” turned into Romanticism

5. Romantics Stressed: 1. Emotions- feeling & passion 2. Intuition- imagination 3. Nature- as inspiration 

6. Romantics Stressed… 4. Nationalism- emphasis change & connection to the past 5. Religion 6. The unique individual 7. The Middle Ages 

7. “Official” Beginning of Romanticism in Literature 1798 Lyrical Ballads by Samuel Taylor Coleridge & William Wordsworth “One impulse from a vernal wood May teach you more of man, Of moral evil and of good, Than all the sages can”

8. Some Romantic Writers… “Loners” who wrote about rejection by society Nature as a source of inspiration Some wrote “Gothic” tales – mysterious, violent weather

9. Romantic Writers 1.Lord Byron (1788- 1824) - Poet Led scandalous lifestyle Wrote narrative poems, “Don Juan” Supporter of Greek independence

10. Romantic Writers 2. Mary Shelly (1797- 1851) Frankenstein Critique of modern man and technology gone awry

11. Romantic Writers 3. Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe (1749- 1848) Faust Sorrows of Young Werther Uses romantic themes of intuition & emotion

12. Romanticism & Music 1. Ludwig Von Beethoven (1770- 1837) Deaf composer Created 9 symphonies One of 1 st composers to reach fame & wealth in his lifetime

13. Beethoven – 6 th symphony http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34dU9R SWf28http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=34dU9R SWf28 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbfa86b TD34http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbfa86b TD34

14. Romanticism & Music 2. Franz Shubert  Pioneer in composing primarily for the piano Inspired by folksongs 3. Niccolo Paganini Violinist 

15. Niccolo Paganini Paganini:Paganini: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eblB2- y23Dchttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eblB2- y23Dc Shubert: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSF7a9 OcE_w http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSF7a9 OcE_w

16. Romantic Art Portrayed scenes of medieval life Idealize rural landscape 1. John Constable’s  Salisbury Cathedral from the Meadows

17. Constable’s Salisbury Cathedral Form the Meadows

18. Romantic Art 2. J.M.W. Turner Landscapes more mystical Nature’s power

19. J.M.W. Turner

20. Romantic Art 3. Eugene Delacroix Portrays political spirit of the time in France Liberty leading the People 

21. Romantic Architecture “neo-gothic” revival 1. British Houses of Parliament (1836- 1837)  most famous public building In neo-gothic style

22. Romantic Architecture 2. Castle of Neuschwanstein  (1864-1886) S. Germany Cost of construction nearly bankrupt Bavarian monarchy

23. The Birth of Modern Thought 24

24. THE New Reading Public Literacy Rates Improved after 1860’s due to: 1. Introduction of compulsory Primary education Reading, writing, basic math Teaching became a major area of employment for women.

25. The New Reading Public By 1900, approximately 85% of population could read in Britain, France, Belgium, Netherlands, and Germany However, high illiteracy rates remained in Eastern European countries

26. What Were People Reading? Newspapers Books magazines Mail order catalogues Journals Tabloid newspapers

27. The Birth of Science Fiction Science fiction stories accessible to wide audience Became popular mid 1800’s Captured the imagination of audiences Jules Verne – Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea H.G. Wells – The Time Machine

28. “SCIENCE” “The model for all human knowledge” The height of human thought “truth”

29. Aguste Comte 1798-1857 French philosopher (sociologist) Developed Positivism- a philosophy of human intellectual development

30. Example: Why does a rock fall? Ways to answer the question 1. God wills it 2. It is the nature of heavy objects to fall 3. The Law of gravity

31. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: 1. Theological stage- nature explained in terms of divinities & spirits Why does the rock fall? God wills it.

32. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: 2. Metaphysical Stage: Abstract principles - Reason Why does the rock fall? It is the nature of heavy objects to fall

33. Comte’s 3 Stages of Intellectual Development or 3 Stages to Society: 3. Positive Stage: Explanations of nature – reliance on observation Why does the rock fall? The Law of gravity can be used to explain this phenomena

34. Modernism Intellectual movement 1850-1914 Effect of modernism in literature, art, psychoanalysis, physics, intellectual life. In literature critical of middle class society & morality

35. Modernism & Science 1. Charles Darwin 2. Advances in Chemistry: Dmitri Mendeleyev 2. The New Physics: Marie Curie, Max Planck, Albert Einstein

36. Charles Darwin Two Theories: 1. Survival of the fittest - 1859 On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection 2. All primates, including humans evolved form common ancestors- 1871 The Descent of Man http://blog.ted.com/2013/07/11/myt hs-and-misconceptions-about- evolution-a-ted-ed-lesson-about- the-subtleties /http://blog.ted.com/2013/07/11/myt hs-and-misconceptions-about- evolution-a-ted-ed-lesson-about- the-subtleties /

37. Social Darwinism Herbert Spencer (British scientist) “Nations, like species, struggle to survive, and the winners are the fittest, while the inferior are eliminated” “us” vs. “them”

38. Chemistry- Dmitri Mendeleyev 1860’s Russia Scientist Classifies the chemical elements –Periodic Table

39. Chemistry -Alfred Nobel Swedish Chemist First produced dynamite 1867 Allowed engineers to construct canals, tunnels https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=uSb- e1bB9F4https://www.youtube.c om/watch?v=uSb- e1bB9F4

40. Alfred Nobel

41. Genetics – F. Gregor Mendel Austrian Monk Father of genetics “Laws of inheritance”

42. Mini Biography Gregor Mendel http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmSJG hPTB5Ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QmSJG hPTB5E

43. Physics- Marie Curie Examines behavior of particles in subatomic world Polish- studies radiation Isolated the element radium in 1910 Works with Her husband Pierre Curie

44. Marie Curie

45. Polish? Or polish? http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW 0MODFshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8lMW 0MODFs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEV4KJ BJvEghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZEV4KJ BJvEg

46. Physics-Max Planck 1900 German Energy of atomic particles was emitted or absorbed in specific units called “quanta” “Quantum Theory” finalized 1925

47. Physics- Albert Einstein 1905 publishes “The Electro-dynamics of Moving Bodies” E = MC2 ENERGY EQUALS THE MASS TIMES THE SQUARE OF THE SPEED OF LIGHT !

48. Mini biography – Albert Einstein http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKv O-gTs8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKv O-gTs8

49. Modernism & Social Sciences Psychology, political science, anthropology, criminology, sociology Demonstrate how human behavior resulted from economic, political, and social forces.

50. Psychoanalysis – Sigmund Freud Viennese Medical Doctor Original intention: Wished to treat “ nervous disorders”

51. Freud’s Two Possible Treatments 1. Electrotherapy – he declared this method useless 2. Hypnosis

52. The Power of the Unconscious Freud becomes convinced That human behavior is controlled by the unconscious

53. Freud’s Psychoanalysis Develops psychoanalysis – the study of dreams Wrote The Interpretation of Dreams 1900

54. Freud’s Theory Freud Divided into 3 Parts: 1. “ Id” - source of animal drives, physical appetites, lust for pleasure & avoidance of pain 2.” Ego”- conscious mind. Reason. Prevents primitive side from taking over. 3. “Super Ego” – accumulation of learned morals, customs,, inhibitions.

55. Freud’s Id, Ego, & Superego http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKv O-gTs8http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZMVKv O-gTs8

56. Freud’s Theory *The Ego and Super Ego repress the “id” Important to understand unconscious mind Can help resolve internal conflict & psychoses Ideas disturbing to society!

57. Modernism & Philosophy Friedrich Nietzsche: German Philosopher (1844-1900) Attacked: Christianity, democracy, nationalism, rationality, science, and progress! Why?

58. Nietzsche Didn’t want to CHANGE society’s values But to EXPLORE how humans construct characteristics, values, ideologies, traditions.

59. Nietzsche’s Works Beyond Good & Evil (1886) The Genealogy of Morals (1887) *seeks to find the psychological sources of good & evil

60. Modernism & Literary Trends Realism- portrays hypocrisy, brutality, dullness of Bourgeois Life 1. Emile Zola – credited with starting movement Wrote 20 novels between 1871-1893 Subjects: alcoholism, prostitution, adultery, labor strife

61. Realism & Literature (examples) 1. Gustav Flaubert – Madame Bovary A woman’s search for love outside marriage 2. Leo Tolstoy- War & Peace 3. Fyodor Dostoesvsli – Crime & Punishment

62. Modern Art 1.Realism 2. Impressionism 3. Post- Impressionism 4. Expressionism 5. Cubism 6. Photography

63. 1. Realism Mid 19 th century Artistic realism perhaps influenced by photography “romanticism is an escape from reality”

64. Barbizon School Barbizon, Paris Artists focused on rural peasant life Ex: The Gleaners The Angelus  Both by Jean Francois Millet

65. The Gleaners, Jean Francois Millet

66. Gustav Courbet French painter Tries to portray ordinary people realistically Sometimes unflattering! Louis Napoleon once struck Courbet’s painting …

67. 2. Impressionism Artists strive to capture “first impression” Fascinated by light, color Depict modern lifestyle, leisured activities, urban & lower middle classes

68. Edward Manet (1837-1883)  A Bar at the Folies- Bergeres (1870) Primary attention to light & color

69. Edward Manet, A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1870)

70. Claude Monet (1840-1926) Light & color outdoors Works often featured water, snow Constructed “portable boat studio” – paint on the Seine river

71. Claude Monet

72. Claude Monet Mini Bio http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGoGsh NbFewhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGoGsh NbFew

73. Camille Pisarro (1830-1903) Focuses on “street scenes” Vibrancy of city life…  Avenue de l’opera

74. Pierre-August Renoir (1841- 1919) Painted social scenes: cafes, concerts, dancehalls

75. Renoir’s Dancing Couples http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69AZY EPUOkghttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=69AZY EPUOkg

76. Edgar Degas (1834-1917) Painted café scenes – figures exude isolation Most famous for his depiction of Ballet dancers & other entertainers

77. Edgar Degas’ Ballerinas http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5P1LpV QL_KYhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5P1LpV QL_KY

78. 3. Post Impressionism Emphasis on light & color AND structure & form

79. Paul Cezanne All forms in nature based on the Cone Cylinder Sphere  Still life with Apples

80. George Seurat “Pointillism”-tiny dots of color side by side

81. Vincent Van Gogh 1 st significant Dutch painter since 17 th century “art should be an expression of its creator’s feelings”

82. Van Gogh’s Lost Painting http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y950B- 0PNIohttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y950B- 0PNIo

83. Paul Gaugin Inspired by folk art, Medieval stained glass

84. Edvard Munch Norwegian artist  The Scream (1893) The Dead Mother

85. Edvard Munch and Oslo Norway http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ipl8YH X0uc#aid=P6vUgr0u80Ahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2ipl8YH X0uc#aid=P6vUgr0u80A

86. 4. Expressionism After WWI – Art Expressed Disillusionment with war Interpretations of suffering, war experience non-sense, disillusionment, satire Futurism- bitter satire Associated with Germany

87. 4. Expressionism

88. 5. Cubism Used geographic planes, abstract images, collage “reality is a construction “ Goal : to present a “non imitative method of presenting the visual world”

89. Pablo Picasso (1881-1973) Spanish painter

90. Pablo Picasso http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeZvp0j uhREhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeZvp0j uhRE

91. George Braque (1882-1963) French painter

92. LOONEY Tunes Art http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97PLr9F K0sw&sns=emhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=97PLr9F K0sw&sns=em

93. Women’s Experience Late 19 th Century- Early 20 th Century Ref. pages: 772-779

94. Women were… Economically dependent of their husbands Had less access to higher education Could not own property

95. “The Angel in the House” Middle & Upper class women – most important role was to be the family’s moral guardian Only single middle class women worked Opportunities limited to: teaching, nursing, social work

96. In Great Britain: 1. Divorce: legalized in 1857 Women had to prove husband’s infidelity AND other offenses.

97. Great Britain: 2. Property: 1882 Married Women’s Property Act Women allowed to retain family property (inheritance)

98. Great Britain 3. Education: University of London awarded degrees for women starting in1878 Oxford & Cambridge did not award degrees to women until 1920 & 1921!

99. In France: Women could not a open bank account until 1895. Divorce forbidden until 1884 Women Could attend lectures @ Sorbonne University in 1880, but not earn degree

100. Husband’s Rights In Europe Could take children away! Could divorce their wives! “double standard”

101. University of Zurich (Switzerland) 1 st to accept female students 1860’s Offered Doctor of Medicine degree

102. The Study of Law Was “outlawed” for women until after World War I (1918)! In many European countries…

103. Elementary Teachers Teachers were trained at “normal schools”, not Universities Teaching Considered a “female” job

105. Lady Dentist, 1870

106. New Jobs for Single Women 1. Secretary 2. Telephone operators “Clerical jobs”

107. Women & Modern Thought Political feminism

108. Women’s Suffrage Movement in Great Britain 1. Millicent Fawcett (1847- 1929) Led National Union of Women’s Suffrage Societies

109. Suffrage Movement 2. Emmeline Pankhurst (1858- 1828) Women’s Social & Political Union Used violent tactics! https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=JsuTj80zn3ghttps://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=JsuTj80zn3g

110. Women Gained Right to Vote 1. In Great Britain: women over thirty in 1918 2. In France: after WWII (1940’s) 3. In Germany: 1919

111. Women’s Suffrage – Great Britain

112. New Directions in Feminism Goal: “women are human & rational as men and thus properly subject to equal treatment”

113. Virginia Woolf “A Room of One’s Own”,1929 Argued that women needed their own “space” Independent income

114. The “New Woman” Educated, middle class women enjoyed more independent lifestyles by 1920’s Financially independent, wore clothes that celebrated in dependence, participated in sports.