1. BUSINESS MATHEMATICS & STATISTICS

2. LECTURE 39 Patterns of probability: Binomial, Poisson and Normal Distributions Part 4

3. POISSON WORKSHEET FUNCTION Returns the Poisson distribution. A common application of the Poisson distribution is predicting the number of events over a specific time, such as the number of cars arriving at a toll plaza in 1 minute Syntax POISSON(x,mean,cumulative) X is the number of events Mean is the expected numeric value Cumulative is a logical value that determines the form of the probability distribution returned. If cumulative is TRUE, POISSON returns the cumulative Poisson probability that the number of random events occurring will be between zero and x inclusive; if FALSE, it returns the Poisson probability mass function that the number of events occurring will be exactly x

6. THE PATTERN Binomial and Poisson situations: either/or Number of times could be counted In the Candy problem with underweight boxes, there is measurement of weight Binomial and Poisson : Discrete probability distributions Candy problem is a Continuous probability distribution

7. FREQUENCY BY WEIGHT

10. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Blue Curve A standard normal distribution (mean = 0 and standard deviation = 1) Y-axis probability values X-axis z (measurement) values Each point on the curve corresponds to the probability p that a measurement will yield a particular z value (value on the x-axis.)

11. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Probability a number from 0 to 1 Percentage probabilities –multiply p by 100. Area under the curve must be one Note how the probability is essentially zero for any value z that is greater than 3 standard deviations away from the mean on either side.

12. NORMAL DISTRIBUTION Mean gives the peak of the curve Standard deviation gives the spread Weight distribution case Mean = 510 g StDev = 2.5 gr What proportion of bags weigh more than 515 g? Proportion of area under the curve to the right of 515 g gives this probability

13. AREA UNDER THE STANDARD NORMAL CURVE The table gives the area under one tail z-value Ranges between 0 and 4 in first column Ranges between 0 and 0.09 in other columns Example Find area under one tail for z-value of 2.05 1.Look in column 1. Find 2.0 2.Look in column 0.05 and go to intersection of 2.0 and 0.05 3.The area (cumulative probability of a value greater than 2.05) is the value at the intersection = 0.02018 or 2.018%

14. CALCULATING Z- VALUES z = (Value x – Mean)/StDev Process of calculting z from x is called Standardisation Z indicates how many standard deviations the point is from the mean Example Find proportion of bags which have weight in excess of 515 g. Mean = 510. StDev = 2.5 g z = (515 – 510)/2.5 = 2 From tables: Area under tail = 0.02275 or 2.28%

15. EXAMPLE What percentage of bags filled by the machine will weigh less than 507.5 g? Mean = 510 g; StDev = 2.5 g Solution z = (507.5 – 510)/2.5 = -1 Look at value of z= +1 Area = 0.158 Hence 15.8% bags weigh less than 507.5 g

16. EXAMPLE What is the probability that a bag filled by the machine weighs less than 512 g? z = (512 – 510)/2.5 = 0.8 Area under right tail = 0.2119 = p(weighs more than 512) P(weighs less than 512) = 1- p(weighs more than 512) = 1 – 0.2119 = 0.7881

17. EXAMPLE What percentage of bags weigh between 512 and 515? z1 = (512 – 510)/2.5 = 0.8 Area 1 = 0.2119 z2 = (515 – 510)/2.5 = 2 Area 2 = 0.02275 p(bags weighs between 512 and 515) = Area 1 – Area 2 = 0.2119 – 0.02275 = 0.18915 = 18.9%

18. BUSINESS MATHEMATICS & STATISTICS