1. Absolute Monarchs : Spain, France, Russia and England

2. D EFINITIONS Absolutism (1500s-1600s)– a system of government in which a single, all-powerful ruler is in control of everyone/thing Absolutism of the 17 th -18 th century most often focused on monarchs, whose power was derived from “divine right” “ Divine right ” – the belief that monarchs receive their right to rule directly from God only answer to God Absolute monarchs: controlled their nobles centralized their governments (court) expanded their taxation systems created large standing armies

4. S PANISH M ONARCHS Devout Catholics: Against Lutherans and Muslims 1400s King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella ruled Ferdinand and Isabella were Catholic and wanted to remove all Protestants, Jews, and Muslims (Moors) Inquisition = hunt down anyone who was not Catholic Jews and Moors were tortured or killed and others fled Spain Financed Christopher Columbus’ expedition to Asia (discovery of the Americas)

5. S PANISH I NQUISITION

6. S PANISH M ONARCHS Philip II (Hapsburg) Ruled Spain from 1556-1598 Spain was the strongest/wealthiest European nation at the time Controlled many provinces and colonies in: Mexico Florida Philippines Intelligent, hard working, lack of trust Golden Age in Spain- wealth; art flourished

7. E L E SCORIAL

8. Devout Catholic He wanted all of Europe to be Catholic  wanted to end Protestantism supported the Inquisition Seized Portugal’s kingdom when their king died without an heir (Portugal had huge wealth) Fought against the Ottoman Empire Philip II’s reign marked the beginning of Spain’s decline

9. The Spanish Netherlands Spain ruled the Netherlands and many Protestants lived there Philip II demanded that all people living in the Netherlands must accept the Catholic religion Dutch Catholics & Protestants did not like King Philip II He was a foreigner and taxed them too much Dutch prince, William Orange, led a rebellion in 1568 against the Spanish  Netherlands won their freedom from Spain

10. T HE S PANISH A RMADA King Philip II built a mighty fleet of warships  the Armada The Armada was the largest fleet in Europe 1588 Launches Spanish armada against the Protestant English  Lost Weakens Spain Spanish ships head for England and met smaller English ships in the English Channel English ships were faster and the Armada fled  only 67 ships returned to Spain King Philip’s dream of a Catholic Europe ended with the defeat of his Armada England’s navy gained control of the seas

12. S PAIN WEAKENS Inflation (So much wealth from America- value dropped) Jews and Moors forced out Guilds produced items at too high a cost  citizens bought from other countries Philip had to declare bankrupt 3 times borrowed money to pay for the wars

13. R USSIAN M ONARCHS Czar/Tsar - emperor/ruler of Russia Peter the Great - ruled from 1696-1715 Romanov- longest ruling dynasty in Russia Westernized (modernized) Russia Very tall; drank a lot

14. W ESTERNIZATION OF R USSIA Traveled to Western Europe Started shipbuilding industry  Formed a modern navy Formed a modern army Adopted Western European calendar Introduced Arabic Numerals Simplified the Russian alphabet Started 1 st newspaper

15. Put Russian Orthodox Church under state control Reduced power of landowners and nobles (boyars) Made nobles (boyars) attend university  learn math and science Introduced Western Dress: Shaved beards Shortened long coats Grand Embassy (200 nobles)- traveled to Europe Introduced potatoes, coffee & tobacco Set up schools  Academy of Science Raised women’s status

16. R USSIAN E XPANSION Desired a warm water seaport Defeated by Turks; attacked Turks again  won port at Black Sea Drafted peasants to serve in military (25 years) Raised taxes Defeated Sweden  gained access to the Baltic Sea 1703 Founded St. Petersburg (new capital)

18. S T. P ETERSBURG

19. F RENCH M ONARCHS Civil wars in France broke out over religion after the Protestant Reformation French Protestants ( Huguenots ) vs Catholics King Philip II of Spain and the pope supported the Catholics Queen Elizabeth of England supported the Huguenots Religious wars 1572 Saint Bartholomew’s day massacre sparked a 6 week slaughter of Huguenots (thousands of Protestants died ) 1589 France’s king assassinated  Henry of Navarre ( Henry IV ) becomes the next king

20. F RENCH M ONARCHS King Henry IV (1589-1610)  1 st king of Bourbon dynasty He was a Huguenot (French Protestant) French Catholics were outraged King Henry IV had to fight many battles to keep his throne, but French Catholics would not accept him To keep the peace, he gave up Protestantism and became a Catholic Passed the Edict of Nantes

21. F RENCH M ONARCHS 1598 King Henry IV issued a public order  the Edict of Nantes The Edict of Nantes = gave religious freedom to French Protestants (to prevent civil war) He did a lot of good, but hated by some because of religious tolerance Henry IV worked hard to make France rich and strong  he passed laws to help farmers, build new roads, and encouraged trade & manufacturing Set up French colonies in North America (Quebec) Nationalism grew  “ Good King Henry ” Assassinated in 1610  religious freedom remained in France after his death

22. F RANCE Henry’s son Louis XIII reigned 1610-1643 Weak ruler but appointed a strong minister  Cardinal Richelieu Richelieu was against the Protestants No Protestant cities could have walls Wanted to weaken power of the nobles Wanted France to be the strongest in Europe

23. L OUIS XIV 1643-1715 Began reign at age 4 and took control at age 22 Bourbon Dynasty Nicknamed the Sun King Built the Palace of Versailles Nobles worshipped him  increased his authority “ I am the state ” Staunch Catholic

24. C ARDINAL M AZARIN Chief minister of France 1642-1661  advised Louis XIV as a child Increased taxes and strengthened the central government Violent anti-Mazarin riots tore France apart Louis never forgot his fear/anger at the nobility He determined to become so strong that they could never threaten him again Cardinal Mazarin died in 1661  22-year- old Louis took control of the government

26. RULE OF LOUIS XIV Versailles Central Government Drew power to himself, deprived nobles of influence Increased the power of his central government Used Intendants to control/monitor the nobles

27. Built palace outside Paris at Versailles; demanded nobles visit and live there Nobles gained prestige being servants at Versailles court, not by fighting Additionally, Louis urged nobles to develop expensive new habits of dressing, dining, and gambling As nobles grew poorer, had to depend on king’s generosity just to survive RULE OF LOUIS XIV

29. Dependent on many advisors & bureaucrats (paid government workers) Many old privileges & customs continued to exist Estates General – Representative law making body – had to be called to meet by the King Height of power, wealth and prestige Overseas exploration & expansion – New World, Africa, SE Asia Cultural & intellectual leader – Art, Fashion, Cuisine, Philosophy RULE OF LOUIS XIV

30. “One king, one law, one faith” Louis smashed power of Huguenots Edict of Nantes had protected Huguenots since reign of Henry IV Even Richelieu had not be able to eliminate that protection 1685, Louis revoked Edict of Nantes, outlawed Protestantism in France no religious freedom for non-Catholics Over 200,000 Huguenots fled—prosperous merchants, artisans Loss of their skills, wealth helped cause financial crisis

31. RULE OF LOUIS XIV Louis’ finances always a concern Grand lifestyle cost great deal of money Limited imports, increased exports Mercantilist System Money and the Military Louis needed cash to build up military, expand French territory Enlarged army to more than 200,000 disciplined soldiers Spent money on good equipment Was most powerful ruler in Europe, taking France to war four times Most Powerful Ruler

32. F RANCE Most powerful country in Europe By 1680 European alliance against Louis XIV Problems Poor harvests Wars Taxes Legacy Power/Military Arts Wars + Palace of Versailles= DEBT

33. E NGLISH M ONARCHS : T UDOR 1485 Henry Tudor became King Henry VII of England He was the 1 st of several monarchs from the Tudor family His reign ended years of civil war King Henry VII was well liked and kept England out of wars He was good with business matters and built up the English economy  everyone paid their taxes, especially nobles 1509 King Henry VII died and his son, Henry VIII, became the second Tudor monarch

34. E NGLISH M ONARCHS : King Henry VIII (1509-1547) Catholic He was well liked and had a good humor Problems began when Henry no longer wanted to be married to his wife, Catherine of Aragon Catherine had only been able to have a daughter, Mary( who later married King Philip II of Spain)  Henry wanted a son to take the throne King Henry VIII wanted to marry Anne Boleyn and asked the pope to annul (end) his marriage to Catherine

35. E NGLISH M ONARCHS 1533 The pope refused to grant King Henry VIII an annulment so he married Anne Boleyn anyways Henry VIII broke away from the Roman Catholic Church 1544 England’s body of lawmakers, Parliament, passed a law that made King Henry VIII the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church) The Church of England was still Catholic in belief and practice, but not controlled by Rome Henry’s break from the church increased his power and wealth  he seized all of the land and gold that belonged to the Roman Catholic Church in England

36. E NGLISH M ONARCHS Anne Boleyn gave Henry VIII a daughter, Elizabeth  King Henry VIII still wanted a son and wanted a new wife 1536 Henry VIII accused Anne of being unfaithful and had her beheaded 3 rd wife- Jane Seymour gave King Henry VIII a son, Prince Edward Henry VIII married 3 more times after Seymour died  6 wives: one he divorced, one he had killed, and one outlived him

37. E NGLISH M ONARCHS : TUDOR Prince Edward VI became king at 9 years old after Henry VIII died- “ The Boy King ” Protestants increased in England and Protestantism became the state religion during King Edwards rule King Edward died after ruling for 6 years  King Henry VIII’s daughters, Princess Mary and Princess Elizabeth, were next in line for the throne

38. E NGLISH M ONARCHS : T UDOR Henry VIII’s oldest daughter became Queen Mary I of England- “Bloody Mary” Queen Mary was a strong Catholic and she was determined to make England Catholic again Mary struck down all religious laws passed under King Edward VI  new laws enforcing Catholicism Queen Mary married Philip II of Spain and they planned to end Protestantism in Europe Mary burned to death more than 300 Protestants Parliament were upset with Mary’s marriage to King Philip and they refused Queen Mary’s request to make Catholicism the state religion Died after 5 years

39. E NGLISH M ONARCHS : T UDOR Mary’s half-sister, Elizabeth, became the next queen of England Queen Elizabeth I (1558-1603) Declared the Church of England as Protestant  the country became firmly united under the one church Queen Elizabeth reigned for 45 years (died 1603)  her reign was one of the most glorious periods in English history Nationalism grew She never married and never had any children

40. E NGLISH M ONARCHS : T UDOR Queen Elizabeth helped the Dutch and the French Huguenots defeat King Philip II of Spain (her brother-in-law) Queen Elizabeth’s navy also defeated Spain's armada Elizabeth had a temper and was vain, but the English loved her- “Good Queen Bess”

41. She brought a bright age to England: the Elizabethan Age 1599 Globe Theater was built (William Shakespeare) Elizabeth helped made people wealthier and England’s cities safer She kept England out of war and passed new laws that gave work and shelter to poor people

42. Q UEEN E LIZABETH I S PEECH