2. Valence Bond Theory: Getting New Geometries From Atomic Orbitals 2 p y = C sp 3 hybrid orbital 2 s orbital C 2 p z CH 4 : Tetrahedral 2 p x

3. Valence Bond Theory: ENERGIES CH 4 : Tetrahedral (sp 3 ) C: e - configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2 Ground State E-Level Diag 1s 2s 2p 2 unpaired e -  2 possible bonds! Promoted State E-Level Diag 1s 2s 2p 4 unpaired e -  4 possible bonds Promote e - Hybrid State E-Level Diag 1s sp 3 4 sp 3 hybrid levels form 4 bonds C sp 3

4. H 1s CH 4 : Four  Bonds  sp 3 H 1s H H   

5. Valence Bond Theory: Getting New Geometries From Atomic Orbitals 3 s P sp 3 d hybrid orbital PCl 5 : Trigonal Bipyrimidal +3 p x + 3p y + 3p z + 3d xy Trigonal Bi-pyramidal

6. Valence Bond Theory: Getting New Geometries From Atomic Orbitals 3 s sp 3 d 2 hybrid orbital SF 6 : Octahedral +3 p x + 3p y + 3p z + 3d xy + 3d yz P Octahedral

7. Hybridization Summary # Electron Regions Electron Geometry Atomic Orbitals Hybridization 2 3 4 5 6 Linear Trigonal Planar Tetrahedral Trigonal Bipyramidal Octahedral s + p x s + p x + p y s + p x + p y + p z s + p x + p y + p z + d xy s + p x + p y + p z + d xy + d yz spsp sp2sp2 sp3sp3 sp3dsp3d sp3d2sp3d2

8. Valence Bond Theory: ENERGIES H 2 O: Tetrahedral (sp 3 ) O e - configuration: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 4 Ground State E-Level Diag 1s 2s 2p 2 unpaired e -  2 possible bonds! Promoted State E-Level Diag 1s 2s 2p Same as Ground State E. diag. Hybrid State E-Level Diag 1s sp 3 4 sp 3 hybrid levels (2 bonds, 2 L.P.) O sp 3 (L.P. e - ) Bonding e - No need to promote e - ! IMPORTANT!!

9. H 2 O: 2 bonds, 2 L.P. O sp 3 H 1s H  