1. AP Psychology Review The following resources are available  Review documents for each unit  Practice exams  FRQ Practice questions and rubrics  Documents: See my website under AP Psych Exam Overview Documents Critical terms (100 terms in random order) Critical terms (100 terms in random order) Confusing Pairs Confusing Pairs Famous Research Studies Famous Research Studies

2. Content Percentages on Test  2-4% history and approaches  8-10% research methods  8-10% biological bases of behavior  6-8% sensation and perception  2-4% states of consciousness  7-9% learning  8-10% cognition  6-8% motivation and emotion  7-9% developmental psychology  5-7% personality  5-7% testing and individual differences  8-10% Social psychology

3. Test Tips  No penalty for wrong answers, only credit for correct answers. Leave none blank!  Use process of elimination in MC  FRQ- Read twice- underline key elements of dirctions.  Use simple language, explain how the term relates back to the question.

4. Know your Perspectives!!   Behavioral Psychology   Psychoanalytic   Humanistic   Biological   Evolutionary   Cognitive   Socio-cultural   An eclectic approach….

5. Research  Correlation vs. Exp.  IV vs. DV  Exp. vs. control group  Random Sample / Random Assignment  Confounding Variables  Controls (placebo effect)  Op. Def. of Variables  Correlation Coefficient  Measures of Central Tendencies  Measures of variability  Z score (Standard deviation)  Scatter Plot  Statistical Significance  Bell Curve  Valid, Reliable  Replication  Statistical Significance  APA guidelines

6. Neurobiology  Neurotransmission (parts, action/resting potential, all-or-none, refractory period, reuptake, synapse)  Sensory / Motor neurons / Interneurons  Nervous System (CNS, PNS)  Endocrine System  Parts of Brain  Brain hemispheres  Brain imaging  Plasticity  Aphasia vs. agnosia  Split-Brain

7. Developmental Psych  Teratogens  Fetal Alcohol Syndrome  Attachment (imprinting)  Critical Period  Habituation  Heritability  Maturation  Menarche / menopause  Longitudinal v. cross-sectional  Fluid v. Crystallized  Parenting styles  Gender identity, role, typing Theorists  Piaget  Kohlberg  Gilligan  Erikson  Harlow  Ainsworth

8. Sensation Perception  Bottom Up / top Down  Absolute Threshold JND / Weber’s Law JND / Weber’s Law  Trichromatic v. Opponent Process (theories on color)  Feature Detection (H&W)  Eye / Ear  Audition / Olfaction  Hue, pitch, intensity, amplitude  Place v. Frequency theory  Vestibular Sense  Kinesthesis  Sensory Adaptation  Gestalt  Binocular Cues  Monocular Cues  Perceptual Set  Selective Attention  Size / Color Constancy

9. States of Consciousness / Personality  Sleep stages  Sleep Disorders  Activation Synthesis v. Information Processing  Lucid Dreaming  Hypnosis  Post-Hypnotic Suggestion  Hidden Observer Response  Dissociation  Drugs: Withdraw, tolerance, Depressants, stimulants, hallucinagens  Personality Psychoanalysis / Freud Psychodynamic Projective Tests Humanistic Trait ( Meyers Briggs, Eyensecnk, Big 5, MMPI) Social-Cognitive Albert Bandura ( Reciprocal Determinism) Aaron Beck

10. Learning / Memory  Pavlov= Classical (acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, higher order, generalization, discrimination)  Watson= Aversive  Skinner= Operant Skinner Box Skinner Box  Thorndike: Law of Effect  Latent learning  Bandura Observational /social Observational /social modeling modeling  Encoding, Storage, Retrieval  Three Stage Processing Theory  Iconic v. Ehoic  Short-term = working memory  LTP Theory  Explicit v. Implicit  Amnesia (types)  Interference (types)

11. Thinking / Language  Concept / Prototype  Representative Heuristic  Availability Heuristic  Insight  Trial and Error  Algorithm  Obstacles to Problem solving (Belief bias, perseverance, confirmation bias, mental set, mental rigidity, functional fixedness  Phonemes v. Morphemes  Linguistic Determinism  Syntax v. Semantics Deep structure  Chomsky = nature Critical period / LAD  Skinner = nurture Observation, association, reinforcement

12. Testing / Intelligence  Stanford-Binet IQ = MA / CA x 100 ( avg=100, SD=15 )  Standardized Testing Reliability / Validity Reliability / Validity Pilot / norms of achievement Pilot / norms of achievement  Achievement v. Aptitude  Savant Syndrome  Flynn Effect  Bell Curve  Factor Analysis  Theorists  Spearman- G Factor / Factor analysis  Gardner: Mult. Intelligences  Goleman- EQ  Sternberg: Triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical)

13. Motivation / Emotion  Drive-Reduction Homeostasis Homeostasis Push / pull factors Push / pull factors  Arousal  Incentive  Maslow’s Hierarchy  Hunger Lateral v. Ventromedial Hypothalamus Lateral v. Ventromedial Hypothalamus Set Point / BMR Set Point / BMR Anorexia / Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia / Bulimia Nervosa  Sexual Motivation (Innitial excitement, plateau phase, orgasm, resolution)  Achievement Motivation Theory X vs. Y Theory X vs. Y  Conflicting motivations  Emotions  Facial expressions = universal  Catharsis  Feel good-do good  James Lange theory  Cannon-Bard Theory  Schacter’s Two- Factor theory

14. Stress  Type A personality  Type B personality  Type A + negative anger = heart disease  Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Alarm, resistance, exhaustion Alarm, resistance, exhaustion  Holmes and Rahe: Social Readjustment Rating Scale (numerical value on stress)

15. Abnormal Psychology DSM V No longer organized into multi-axis Diagnosis ! No longer organized into multi-axis Diagnosis ! 0-4 severity rating for each diagnosis 0-4 severity rating for each diagnosis Autism/ Asbergers is now Autism Spectrum Disorder = ASD (one continuum) Autism/ Asbergers is now Autism Spectrum Disorder = ASD (one continuum) Removed bereavement exclusion from Depression Removed bereavement exclusion from Depression Schizophrenia (no longer 4 types) Now 5 items: (delusions, hallucinations,disorganized speech, Disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms Schizophrenia (no longer 4 types) Now 5 items: (delusions, hallucinations,disorganized speech, Disorganized or catatonic behavior, negative symptoms Mental retardation= intellectual disability Mental retardation= intellectual disability

16. Abnormal Psychology  DSM V & changes  Psychiatrist v. Psychologist  2 weeks  Neuroticism (neurosis)  Psychotic (psychosis)  Delusions / Hallucinations Disorders  Anxiety  Mood Disorders  Somatoform  Dissociative  Schizophrenia  Personality Disorders

17. Therapy Types of Therapy  Psychoanalysis  Humanistic  Behavioral  Cognitive  Biomedical Eclectic approach! Key Figures / Terms Freud: Free association, dream analysis Resistance/Transference (talking therapy Rogers: Client-centered, UPR, Non- directive, active listening Classical / Operant conditioningCounter-conditioning, Systematic desensitization, flooding, aversive conditioning, modeling REBT, Aaron Beck’s Cognitive Triad, Rotter’s Internal v. External locus George Kelley: Personal Constructs Drug therapy: (somatic therapy) review specific drug treatments

18. Social Psych  Cognitive Dissonance  Foot in door / Door in Face  Central / Peripheral R of P  Attribution Theory  Fundamental Attribution Theory  Just-World Belief  Frustration-Aggression theory  By-stander effect  Social facilitation  Social loafing  Deindivuation  Group Polarization  Group Think  Milgram Experiment  Robber’s Cave  Asch Experiment  Stanford Prison Experiment

19. Theorists  Developmental Psych Piaget: Cognitive Piaget: Cognitive Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal OperationalSensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational Kohlberg: Moral Kohlberg: Moral Preconventional, Conventional, PostconventionalPreconventional, Conventional, Postconventional Erikson: Social (8 stages) Erikson: Social (8 stages) Harlow: Touch and attachment Harlow: Touch and attachment Ainsworth: Secure, insecure attachment (Anxious- ambivalent / Avoidant) Ainsworth: Secure, insecure attachment (Anxious- ambivalent / Avoidant)

20. Theorists  Formation of Personality Freud: Psychosexual Stages / Unconscious Freud: Psychosexual Stages / Unconscious Adler, Jung: Psychodynamic Adler, Jung: Psychodynamic Humanistic perspective Humanistic perspective Carl Rogers: UPR,Carl Rogers: UPR, Maslow: Self-actualizationMaslow: Self-actualization Trait Perspective (genes form personality) Trait Perspective (genes form personality) Personality Inventories (Myers Briggs etc.)Personality Inventories (Myers Briggs etc.) Social Cognitive Social Cognitive Bandura: Reciprocal Determinism, self-efficacyBandura: Reciprocal Determinism, self-efficacy Julian Rotter: Locus of controlJulian Rotter: Locus of control George Kelley: Personal constructsGeorge Kelley: Personal constructs Aaron Beck: Cognitive TriadAaron Beck: Cognitive Triad

21. TheoristsIntelligence  Spearman Factor Analysis / G Factor Factor Analysis / G Factor  Gardner: Multiple Intelligences (8)  Howard Gardner: EQ (Emotional intelligence)  Sternberg: Triarchic theory (analytical, creative, practical)

22. Theorists Therapy  Psychoanalysis (Unconcious)  Humanistic Rogers: UPR, Active listening, non-directive Rogers: UPR, Active listening, non-directive Maslow: self-actualization, self-concept Maslow: self-actualization, self-concept  Gestalt: whole body  Behavioral Systematic Desensitization Systematic Desensitization Invivo Invivo Aversive Conditioning Aversive Conditioning  Cognitive Julian Rotter: locus of control / Seligman: LH Julian Rotter: locus of control / Seligman: LH Beck: Cognitive Triad / Bandura: Self-efficacy Beck: Cognitive Triad / Bandura: Self-efficacy

23. Depression  Serotonin  Seligman’s learned helplessness  Beck’s cognitive triad  Explanatory Style