1. Warm Up 1/21 & 1/22 1.What is one thing you learned from Unit 5 (DNA, Mutations, and Protein Synthesis)? 2.How do you think the Unit 5 concepts relate to this unit on Evolution? 3.In your own words, what does “natural selection” mean?

2. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Chapter 15

3. In your notebook or on a sheet of paper, make this chart: Scientist (s)Contribution Charles Darwin Alfred Wallace James Hutton Alfred Wegner Jean Baptist Lamarck Charles Lyell Thomas Malthus Stephen J Gould and Niles Eldrigde

4. The Puzzle of Life’s Diversity Charles Darwin – THEORY OF EVOLUTION BY MEANS OF NATURAL SELECTION Made observations and devised a theory on how life changes over time

5. Voyage of the HMS Beagle Galapagos Islands and Beyond

6. Alfred Russel Wallace Contemporary/ collaborator of Darwin’s Sent a letter to Darwin summarizing similar thoughts on evolution Darwin presented Wallace’s work to the Linnaean Society shortly before publishing On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection Credited with observing biogeographical distribution of species

7. Darwin was influenced by several other scientists: -James Hutton and Charles Lyell – Studied rock formations and changes in the earth -Alfred Wegner - began theory of coined term “Pangaea continental drift; coined term “Pangaea” -Jean Baptiste de Lamarck – Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics -Charles Lyell - considered to be the father of modern Geology.

8. James Hutton (Scottish genius), he concluded by direct observations of rock strata that a vast amount of time was necessary for formations to form. Began idea of uniformitarianism Uniformitarianism - suggested that the landscape developed over long periods of time through a variety of slow geologic and geomorphic processes

9. Charles Lyell - Wrote Principles of Geology in which he made key advances in stratigraphy, sedimentology, and paleontology. Began idea of “faunal succession and organic extinctions”. Lyell is considered to be the “Father of modern Geology.” On this founding document of modern geology, Lyell had argued: (1) that the geologic past can best be understood in terms of natural processes we can actually observe today, such as rivers depositing layers of silt, wind and water eroding landscapes, glaciers advancing or retreating; (2) that change is slow and steady (gradualism), rather than quick and sudden; (3) that natural laws are constant and eternal, operating at about the same intensity in the past as they do today. The Present is the Key to the Past.”

10. Alfred Wegner Began idea of continental drift. He noticed that South America and Africa fit together like “pieces of a puzzle.” Coined the word Pangaea or super-continent. It is believed that it came together in the Permian period and started to split apart 200 million years ago.

12. Jean Baptist Lamarck Lamarck is best known for his Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Good idea but he was incorrect!

13. Lamarck If an organism changes during it’s lifetime in order to adapt to its environment, those changes are passed on to its offspring. He said that change is made by what the organisms want or need.

14. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Use & Disuse - Organisms Could Change The Size Or Shape Of Organs By Using Them Or Not Using Them –Blacksmiths & Their Sons (muscular arms) –Giraffe’s Necks Longer (from stretching)

15. Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution Inheritance Of Acquired Traits –Traits Acquired During Ones Lifetime Would Be Passed To Offspring Clipped ears of dogs could be passed to offspring!

16. Lamarck’s Mistakes Lamarck Did NOT Know how traits were inherited (Traits are passed through genes) Genes Are NOT Changed By Activities In Life Populations evolve slowly… organisms do not evolve –Organisms are not given what the “need”

17. Darwin and Lamarck They agreed on one thing: well-adapted organisms have a better chance of surviving than others

18. Thomas Malthus British Economist. Reasoned that if the human population continued to grow unchecked, sooner or later there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone

19. Darwin’s Observations a)Patterns of Diversity were shown b)Unique Adaptations in organisms c)Species Not Evenly Distributed i.Australia, Kangaroos, but No Rabbits ii.S. America, Llamas

20. Darwin’s Observations Both Living Organisms & Fossils collected Fossils included: Trilobites Giant Ground Sloth of South America This species NO longer existed. What had happened to them?

21. Vocab Extinct species = a species is no longer living on this earth –EX: the Dodo Bird Extant species = a species that is currently living and reproducing on earth

22. Definition Evolution is the slow, gradual change in a population of organisms over time

23. Darwin’s Observations Left unchecked, the number of organisms of each species will increase exponentially (overproduction In nature, populations tend to remain stable in size Environmental resources are limited (competition) Only the best-suited organisms survive (survival of the fittest)

24. LIMITING FACTORS keep populations in check Food or water Competition for mates Space (spreads disease) Presence or absence of antibiotics Change in temperature/ climate … Remember Malthus?

25. Darwin’s Conclusion Production of more individuals than can be supported by the environment leads to a struggle for existence among individuals Only a fraction of offspring survive each generation Survival of the Fittest

26. Darwin’s Big Ideas Overproduction –More offspring are produced than can survive Competition –Resources are limited; competition ensues Survival of the Fittest –Only the individuals best suited for their environment will survive and reproduce

27. Darwin’s Observations Individuals of a population vary extensively in their characteristics with no two individuals being exactly alike. Much of this variation between individuals is inheritable.

28. Darwin’s Conclusion Individuals who inherit characteristics most fit for their environment are likely to leave more offspring than less fit individuals Called Natural Selection Acts on phenotype

29. The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations (natural selection)The unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in a population, with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations (natural selection) New species evolve (SPECIATION)New species evolve (SPECIATION) Darwin’s Theory of Evolution

30. So what’s a organism to do???

31. Natural Selection 1.Individuals vary within a species 2.Individuals compete for resources in the struggle for existence 3.Fitness is the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in its environment

32. Natural Selection cont. 4.Fitness is the result of adaptations 5.Adaptations are inherited characteristics or traits that increase an organisms ability to survive (or increase fitness) 6.Adaptations can be physical OR behavioral 7.Individuals that are most fit are able to survive and reproduce - “survival of the fittest.”

33. Natural Selection cont. 8.Natural Selection – results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment

34. Over Time, natural selection results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population. These changes increase a species’ fitness in its environment.

35. How Evolution Works

36. Artificial Selection nature provides variation, humans select variations that are useful. Example - a farmer breeds only his best livestock

37. Artificial Selection: Roses

38. III. Descent with Modification Each living species has descended with changes from other species over time

39. IV. Evidence of Evolution 1.Fossil Record 2.Biogeography (Geographic Distribution of Living Species) 3.Anatomical Homologies (Similar Body Structures) 4.Developmental Homologies (Similarities in Embryology) 5.Molecular Homologies (Similarities in DNA sequences)

40. Evidence of Evolution A. Fossil Record Fossils are preserved remains of ancient organisms By comparing fossils from older rocks with fossils from younger layers, could see life on Earth has changed over time. Darwin view the fossil record as a record of evolution while others in his time only viewed them as preserved remains.

41. Evidence of Evolution B. Biogeography: Geographic Distribution of Living Species –Different environments contain similar organisms with distinct differences. Ex. Flying squirrel (N. America) and sugar glider (Australia) –Alfred Wallace

42. Evidence of Evolution C. Homologous Body structures –Structures that have different mature forms but develop from the same embryonic tissues e.g. Wing of bat, human arm, leg of turtle –vestigial organs – traces of homologous organs from other species having no apparent function e.g. Appendix (digest cellulose), pelvic girdle in whales –recapitulation- structures lost during development e.g. Gill slits Turtle Alligat or Bird Mammal Ancient lobe- finned fish http://cas.bellarmine.edu/tietjen/Ec&Ev_Distance_learning/Evidence/evidence_pix.htm

43. Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny ontogeny is the process of embryo development (from the Greek onto, meaning "being" or "existence" and genesis meaning "origin") phylogeny is a species' evolutionary history (from the Greek phyla, meaning "tribe" and genesis meaning "origin")

44. Homologous Structures

45. Evidence of Evolution D. Developmental Homologies: Similarities in Embryology –In their early stages of development, chickens, turtles and rats look similar, providing evidence that they shared a common ancestry.

46. Evidence for Evolution - Comparative Embryology Similarities In Embryonic Development

47. E. Molecular Homologies: Similar DNA sequences Organisms in the same taxonomic categories share similar DNA sequences and proteins.

48. Patterns of Evolution Charles Darwin understood that evolution was a slow and gradual process. Still, if evolution is gradual, there should be a fossilized record of small, incremental changes on the way to a new species. His conclusion was that the fossil record lacked these transitional stages because it was incomplete. In 1972, evolutionary scientists Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge proposed another explanation, which they called "punctuated equilibrium."

49. Gradualism and Punctuated Stephen Jay Gould and Niles Eldredge

50. Summary of Darwin’s Theory: Evolution by Natural Selection –Variations occur within populations, and some of the variations are favorable. –More offspring are produced than can possibly survive –Organisms compete for resources and individuals with favorable variations are more likely to survive. –Natural Selection causes species to changes over time. –Species alive today are descended with modification from ancestors Survival of the Fittest!