2. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Listening 1 TOEFL Summer Camp 2015

3. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 In this lesson Now, let’s check. 2

4. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Necessary Skills Understanding the overall topic or basic idea of a lecture or conversation Understanding the speaker‘s general purpose in giving a lecture or having a conversation Inferring the speaker's purpose or main idea when it is not directly stated 3

5. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Example Questions What is the main topic of the lecture? What is the main topic of the conversation? What are the speakers mainly discussing? What aspect of does the professor mainly discuss? What aspect of the problem does the help with? What features of each type of ______ does the professor focus on? What is the woman's main concern about ? What concerns does the student have about ------? Why did the professor mention ______ ? What is the student's motivation for ______ ? 4

6. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Strategies Pay attention to expressions that indicate the topic: – Today's talk is on... – Today we're going to talk about... – Now we are going to discuss... In a conversation, listen for cues that will indicate a speaker's main purpose. – - How can I help? – What do you need? – Can you help me with... Listen for key words that are emphasized or repeated. Keep in mind that two or more major ideas together may define the overall topic. 5

7. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Practice 1 Now let’s try to understand the listening material. It will be 2 minutes long. (You are given 6min) Let’s begin. 6

8. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 1. What is the main topic of the lecture? (A) The effects of cool jazz (B) The origins of a type of music (C) A form of musical theory (D) A comparison of two band leaders 2. What is the main idea of the lecture? (A) How cool jazz changed jazz music (B) A jazz musician and his influences (C) Why cool jazz had a low tempo (D) The type of instruments cool jazz used Questions 7

9. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (1) Today, I get to talk about my favorite movement in jazz music. Cool jazz! This movement, which occurred during the 1940s and '50s, had a huge effect on jazz in general. 8

10. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (2) Okay, so in the movement before cool jazz, the music was faster and more aggressive. It consisted of instruments like saxophones and trumpets to give the music a more racing sound. Cool jazz changed this. It had a classical European influence that promoted the use of instruments that had never had a home in jazz before, like flutes and tubas. These instruments added something new to the music: a lighter, softer sound. Because of this softer sound, jazz bands started having more players and became mid-sized orchestrated groups. 9

11. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (3) Also, cool jazz put a greater focus on the individual musician. Miles Davis is sort of seen as the first cool jazz icon. He recorded Birth of the Cool with his band. With this recording came the individual recognition of Miles Davis. Before, people pretty much attended jazz concerts to dance. But with cool jazz, they came to hear specific musicians like Davis. 10

12. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s listen again 11

13. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Sample answer for Diagram 12

14. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Point! Main idea usually comes at the beginning of the talk. However, remember this: – Main Idea = Main Topic + Direction of the talk First, the main idea is not the main topic. For example, if I talk about my family, my family may be the main topic. But I can talk about many different things concerning my family. For example; How well we are getting along? What activities we prefer to do? I cannot put all these things in my talk. I have to focus on a single direction. So, the main idea will be stated like My family went to Hua-hin last week. Then my talk is focused only on our trip to Hua-hin last week. 13

15. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Listening Questions The talk says: I get to talk about my favorite movement in jazz music. Cool jazz! This movement, which occurred during the 1940s and '50s, had a huge effect on jazz in general. 1. What is the main topic of the lecture? – (A) The effects of cool jazz – (B) The origins of a type of music – (C) A form of musical theory – (D) A comparison of two band leaders 2. What is the main idea of the lecture? – (A) How cool jazz changed jazz music – (B) A jazz musician and his influences – (C) Why cool jazz had a low tempo – (D) The type of instruments cool jazz used 14

16. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary 15 Fill in the blanks to complete the summary. The professor is talking about cool jazz from the 1940s and '50s. This jazz had more classical European influences than earlier forms of jazz. This meant that jazz musicians could also use instruments like flutes and. The music sounded lighter and softer and jazz bands became bigger. Bands grew to be mid-sized groups and also gave individuals more focus. The first true cool jazz was Miles Davis. He made a famous that brought him much as a musical artist.

17. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary 16

18. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Practice 2 Now go on to Practice 2. Again, you are given 10 minutes to answer Practice 2. 17

19. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 1. What is this lecture mainly about? (A) A natural process that results in a transformation (B) How to classify different types of diamonds (C) A comparison of how coal and diamonds are formed (D) The geological process that results in volcanoes 2. What aspect of diamonds does the professor discuss? (A) How they are cut (B) Where to find them (C) How they are created (0) Why they are valuable Listening questions 18

20. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (1) You might think that the diamond ring on your mom's finger is just some expensive rock that your dad bought for her, but do you realize all the work that went into the creation of it? 19

21. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (2) This part describes how the diamond is made in the earth. First, can you believe that the diamond is 2 to 3 billion years old? Even stranger is that it started out as a lump of coal. Basically, this piece of coal was about 160 kilometers down inside the Earth. The pressure was incredible. Also, it's about 2200 degrees Fahrenheit down there. That intense heat and pressure changed the carbon molecules in the coal and rearranged them into the crystallized diamond we're so familiar with. 20

22. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (3) Okay, that's fine, but all this happens deep within the Earth. So how does it get to the surface? Well, the diamond was contained in molten rock, or magma, underneath the ground. The magma rose up to the Earth's surface and erupted from a volcano. Then the magma hardened into rock. 21

23. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s check the passage (4) Finally, the rock that contained the diamond weathered away, revealing the diamond underneath. It was then ready for miners or other treasure-hunters to find. 22

24. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Let’s listen again 23

25. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Sample answer for Diagram 24

26. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 1. What is this lecture mainly about? (A) A natural process that results in a transformation (B) How to classify different types of diamonds (C) A comparison of how coal and diamonds are formed (D) The geological process that results in volcanoes 2. What aspect of diamonds does the professor discuss? (A) How they are cut (B) Where to find them (C) How they are created (D) Why they are valuable Listening questions 25

27. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary The professor explains how diamonds are formed from lumps of coal. Coal is made from ______ molecules that change due to heat and pressure. The coal lumps are found about 160 kilometers inside the Earth. The temperature here is about 2200 degrees Fahrenheit. These conditions change the molecules of coal which ______ to form a diamond. When volcanoes _______, molten rock, or _______, containing diamonds is pushed upwards. The rock then hardens and _______ away over time to reveal the diamonds. 26

28. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Summary 27

29. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 1.Diamonds are formed from which material? (A) Oil (B) Coal (C) Metal (D) Graphite 2. About how old are diamonds? (A) 900 million years old (B) 1-2 billion years old (C) 2-3 billion years old (D) 4-5 billion years old Extra questions 28

30. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 1.Diamonds are formed from which material? (A) Oil (B) Coal (C) Metal (D) Graphite 2. About how old are diamonds? (A) 900 million years old (B) 1-2 billion years old (C) 2-3 billion years old (D) 4-5 billion years old Extra questions 29

31. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 3. Diamonds start off as a lump of coal about how many kilometers below earth? (A) 130 kilometers (B) 140 kilometers (C) 150 kilometers (D) 150 kilometers 4. How does the professor describe the pressure underground, where diamonds first form? (A) Amazing (B) Incredible (C) Massive (D) Brilliant Extra questions 30

32. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 3. Diamonds start off as a lump of coal about how many kilometers below earth? (A) 130 kilometers (B) 140 kilometers (C) 150 kilometers (D) 160 kilometers 4. How does the professor describe the pressure underground, where diamonds first form? (A) Amazing (B) Incredible (C) Massive (D) Brilliant Extra questions 31

33. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 5. What can be inferred from the lecture? (A) Diamonds are expensive to make. (B) The process of diamond formation is complex and fascinating. (C) Diamonds are easy to find once rock has weathered around the diamond. (D) Miners and treasure hunters have a difficult task finding diamonds. 6. Which of the following are rearranged in order to turn coal into diamonds? (A) Volcanoes (B) Magma (C) Carbon molecules (D) Molten rock Extra questions 32

34. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 5. What can be inferred from the lecture? (A) Diamonds are expensive to make. (B) The process of diamond formation is complex and fascinating. (C) Diamonds are easy to find once rock has weathered around the diamond. (D) Miners and treasure hunters have a difficult task finding diamonds. 6. Which of the following are rearranged in order to turn coal into diamonds? (A) Volcanoes (B) Magma (C) Carbon molecules (D) Molten rock Extra questions 33

35. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill (1) You might think that the diamond (1) __________ on your mom's finger is just some (2) ___________ rock that your dad bought for her, but do you realize all the work that went into the (3) __________ of it? 34

36. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill(2) First, can you believe that the diamond is 2 to 3 (4) __________ years old? Even stranger is that it started out as a (5) __________ of coal. Basically, this piece of coal was about 160 kilometers down inside the Earth. The pressure was incredible. Also, it's about 2200 degrees (6) _________ down there. That intense heat and pressure changed the carbon (7) __________ in the coal and rearranged them into the crystallized diamond we're so (8) _________ with. 35

37. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill(3) Okay, that's fine, but all this happens deep within the (9) _________. So how does it get to the surface? Well, the diamond was (10) __________ in molten rock, or magma, underneath the ground. The (11) ________ rose up to the Earth's surface and erupted from a volcano. Then the magma (12) ________ into rock. 36

38. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill (4) Finally, the rock that contained the diamond (13) __________ away, revealing the diamond underneath. It was then ready for miners or other (14) __________ to find. 37

39. マスタ タイトルの書式設定 Gap Fill: Answers 1. ring 2. expensive 3. creation 4. billion 5. lump 6. Fahrenheit 7. molecules 38 8. Familiar 9. Earth 10. contained 11. magma 12. hardened 13. weathered 14. treasure-hunters