1. Self-Rule for British Colonies

2. Canada  Originally inhabited by Native Americans & French colonists  Became British colony due to French and Indian War (1756-1763)  Treaty of Paris; France loses northern territories  French & British colonists lived amongst each other  Conflict between French & British  Roman Catholicism vs. Protestantism  Language issues

3. Canada  1791, Canada is divided into Upper (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec); Didn’t work  A British Royal governor and the British wealthy were in control.  Early 1800’s= Middle class (Both colonies) demand political/economic reforms  Late 1830’s= Rebellions break out in both areas.  Canada becomes a dominion in 1867.  Self-governing in domestic affairs  Remained part of British Empire

4. Canada

5. Australia  Claimed by James Cook in 1770  1788= Beginning of colonization  Served as a penal colony  Prisoners, once freed, bought land & settled  Free British settlers joined in early 1800s  Government encouraged immigration  Offered cheap land  1851 Gold Rush= Pop. Increase  1901= Commonwealth of Australia created

6. Aborigines

7.  Native inhabitants of Australia; Oldest culture in the world  Lived in Australia 40,000 years before Europeans arrived.  Nomads who fished, hunted, & gathered food.  The Dreamtime  Time before the world was formed in the way we know it today.  World created by “creation ancestors” or “dreamtime heroes”.  Strong connection & respect for nature.

8. Aborigines  Characteristics of spirituality:  1) Animism: Belief that EVERYTHING is alive; energized by creation ancestors.  2) Ancestral spirits are part human (Emotions/Intellect); part animal (appearance); part super-human (Power/Creative abilities)  3) These beings journeyed across earth and created human, plant, and animal life. Evidence of these journeys is found in the natural features of the land.  4) Use of totems: natural objects, plants, or animals inherited by a family as their spiritual emblem. Define roles/responsibilities, and relationships with each other and creation.

9. New Zealand  Colonization was gradual; British didn’t claim ownership  Why?= Recognized rights of the Maori…at first  1814= Christian missionaries began to arrive to convert Maori  Conflict arises between Maori & British settlers  1839= British appoint governor to negotiate with the Maori  1840= Maori accept British rule in exchange for land rights

10. The Maori

11. New Zealand  1845-1872= Series of wars between the British and Maori  British victory; New Zealand Settlements Act (1863)  Over 4 million acres of land taken from the Maori.  1907= New Zealand becomes a dominion of the British Empire  Gradually will gain full independence.

12. Ireland  British expansion into Ireland began in the 12 th century  16-17 th centuries= Penal Laws  Laws that limited rights of the Irish  Irish excluded from holding public office; banned intermarriage between Catholics/Protestants; Couldn’t own firearms or vote  1801= Ireland formally added to British Empire  Daniel O’Connell, Irish leader; 19 th century  1829= Catholic Emancipation Act  Restored rights to Catholics

13. The Great Famine  Irish relied on the potato for survival  Almost their sole source of food.  1845-1848= Plant fungus ruined Ireland’s potato crop  Pre-Famine pop.= 8 million  During the Famine, over 1 million Irish starved to death.  British government didn’t help; believed in laissez-faire economics.  The Irish repulsed the British  Due to their culture & poverty.  Roman Catholic/Gaelic language  Irish claim Famine= Genocide

14. British vs. Irish

15. The Great Famine Results