1. Investigating Industrial Hemp as a Sustainable Crop for New Mexico
Hanah Rheay
Jimmy Maynes
Gasper Martinez
Richard Marquez

2. Overview Industrial Hemp Sustainable Agriculture Major Pros and Cons
Environmental Considerations
Economic Impact
Social Implications
Challenges and Barriers
Conclusions: Potential for Industrial Hemp

3. Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.)
Genetically distinct from recreational marijuana
Same species, different varieties
Non-psychoactive
THC Content <0.3%
Grown by 30+ nations as an agricultural commodity
US Hemp History
1937 Marihuana Tax Act
Hemp for Victory (World War II)
1957 Last US Hemp Harvest
1970 Controlled Substances Act
Agricultural Act 2014 (“Farm Bill”)

4. Sustainable Agriculture
Satisfy Food and Fiber Needs
Enhance Environmental Quality
Make the Most Efficient Use of Resources
Sustain the Economic Viability of Farm Operations
Enhance the Quality of Life for Farmers and Society

5. -Nutritional Value of
Hemp Seed
-Current US Hemp
Production
-Dual-Purpose Crop
-Byproducts & Uses
-Economics of Production
-New Billion Dollar Crop
-Growth Requirements & Cultivation Environmental Impact

6. Traditional Crop Pros and Cons – Cotton
Established infrastructure for harvesting/processing/marketing
Dual-purpose varieties
Glandless Cotton
Cons
High input requirements
High environmental impact
Pest and weed susceptible

7. Alternative Crop Pros and Cons– Industrial Hemp
Low:
Pest & Weed Susceptibility
Input Requirements
Environmental Impact
Beneficial Rotation Crop
High Product Versatility
Decrease Deforestation
Controlled Substances Act: Schedule I
Does Not Distinguish Marijuana & Industrial Hemp
No Commercial Regulatory System in the US
State-by-State

8. Hemp Cultivation Heights up to 16ft
Drought tolerant after first 6 weeks
Resistant to light frost
Pest damage and disease outbreak are rare
35-50 plants/ft2 – creates canopy & suppresses weeds[1]
1 acre = 50Gal of oil = 530lbs of meal
= 5300lbs straw = 1300lbs of fiber[1]
[1] Johnson, R. (2013, July 24). Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity. Accessed February 27, Retrieved from

9. Inputs/Nutrient Uptake for Industrial Hemp and Cotton (kg/ha)*
Growth Requirements
Hemp
Cotton
Temperature: 57-80°F
Soil pH:
Water: in per growing season
Pesticides: Average Zero Use
Temperature: °F
Soil pH: 5.8 to 8.0
Water: >19.685in per growing season
Pesticides: Moderate- Intensive Use
Inputs/Nutrient Uptake for Industrial Hemp and Cotton (kg/ha)*
Hemp
Input/Nutrient Type
Cotton 75
Nitrogen (N)
232 38
Phosphorus (P) 49
113
Potassium (K)
312
333
Calcium (Ca)
289
Accessed March 3, 2015
Industrial Hemp Fact Sheet. British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food. September Accessed February 28, 2015.
*Data extrapolated from van der Werf (2004) [Table 1] and Oosterhuis & Cothren (2012) [Ch. 4, Table 1]

10. Environmental Impacts
Primary Energy Requirements and Emissions for Hemp and Cotton
Crop
1 Metric Ton
Hemp
Cotton
Primary Energy Consumption GJ
8.2
25.2
Carbon Intake
kg CO2
544
1680
Nitrogen Intake
kg NO2
1.3 3
Sulfur Intake
kg SO2
1.2
2.5
Global Greenhouse Potential
kg CO2-Eq
947
2650
Nitrogen Emissions
kg NO2-Eq
4.5
14.8
Total Acidification
kg SO2-Eq
4.4
12.9
Up to 70% of nutrients added to hemp crop can be retained in soil[2]
Lower environmental impacts compared to cotton
Bioremediation
*Data extrapolated from Roulac (1997) [pg170]
[2] British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food. (September 1999). Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Specialty Crops Fact Sheet. Accessed 28 February Retrieved from

11. Ecological Footprint Analysis of Cotton, Hemp, & Polyester
Global hectare (gha)
Hemp
gha
3 tons/ha (df)
Cotton
gha
1.35 tons/ha (df)
*Figure from Cherrett et al. (2005)

12. Dual Purpose Crop
Fiber
Seed

13. Byproducts and Uses
25,000 products in 9 submarkets: agriculture; textiles; recycling; automotive; furniture; food/nutrition/beverages;
paper; construction materials; and personal care
*Figure from D.G. Kraenzel et al. (1998)

14. Nutritional Value of Hemp Seed
Hemp Seed Oil Macrocomposition
Components
Results
Fatty Acids
(% w/w)
Linoleic Acid (18:2 Ω6)
52-62
α-Linolenic Acid (18:3 Ω3)
12-23
Oleic Acid (18:1 Ω9)
8-13
Palmitic Acid (16:0)
5-7
Stearic Acid (18:0)
1-2
γ-Linolenic Acid (18:3 Ω6)
3-4
Eicosanoic Acid (20:0)
Eicosenoic Acid (20:1)
0.51
Eicosadienoic Acid (20:2)
Natural Products
Cannabidiol
10 mg/kg
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) nd
Myrcene
160 mg/L
β-Caryophyllene
740 mg/L
β-Sitosterol
g/L
α-Tocopherol tr
γ-Tocopherol
468 mg/L
Methyl salicylate
20-25% Protein
20-30% Carbohydrates
10-15% Fiber
20-35% Oil Content
Fatty Acids
Essential: Linoleic Acid and α-Linolenic Acid
Ideal Ratio 3:1 Ω6:Ω3
*Data extrapolated from Leizer et al. (2000) [Table 1]

15. New Billion Dollar Crop
Feb Popular Mechanics
New machine
Decorticator
Thousands of jobs
Reclaim abandoned land

16. Economics of Industrial Hemp
Currently all US hemp products are imported
Retail sales of all hemp-based products nearly $500 million per year
Economic Considerations for Growing Hemp
*Figure from University of Kentucky (2013) [Figure 6- Source: CRS]

17. Current US Industrial Hemp Production
Agricultural Act of 2014 (“Farm Bill”)
22 states have enacted industrial hemp legislation
3 states plus DC have legalized marijuana altogether
NM SB 94: Industrial Hemp Farming Act
Passed Legislature with Bipartisan Support: March 20, 2015
Vetoed by Governor Martinez: April 10, 2015

18. Challenges and Barriers
Unifying federal regulations and infrastructure needed
State-by-State Basis
Lack of innovation in harvesting and processing technology
Labor and resource intensive
Local processing facilities necessary
Little development in breeding and genetic selection
Increased supply price impact
Global market competition
Vantreese (1997 & 1998) points out that since raw hemp is a bulky commodity entailing significant transportation costs, the simultaneous development of local processing facilities with hemp production capacity will be necessary to insure the long-term prospects of a US hemp industry.

19. Conclusions: Potential for Industrial Hemp in New Mexico
Environmental qualities are indicative
of sustainability
Social implications illustrate
benefits toward the health and
well-being of people
Economic conclusions are more speculative:
Growing, dedicated demand base
Small-scale, profitable niche markets
Possible economically viable alternative crop
Equitable ✔ ?
Bearable
Viable ✔

20. “If federal regulations can be drawn to protect the public without preventing the legitimate culture of hemp, this new crop can add immeasurably to American agriculture and industry.”
Popular Mechanics (Feb. 1938)

21. References
Data
British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food. (September 1999). Industrial Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): Specialty Crops Fact Sheet. Accessed 28 February Retrieved from
Bundy, C.S., Carrillo, T., Flynn, R.F., Idowu, O.J., Pierce, J.B., Wedegaertner, T.C., Zhang, J. (2012, January 3-6). Evaluation of Glandless Cotton Cultivars in New Mexico. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Orlando, Florida.
Bundy, C.S., Carrillo, T., Flynn, R.P., Idowu, O.J., Pierce, J.B., Zhang, J. (2011, January 4-7). Yield Potential, Fiber Quality and Adaptability of Glandless Cotton in New Mexico. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, Atlanta, Georgia.
Chaudhry, M. (1995, January 1). Cotton Situation in the World. Retrieved April 29, 2015, from
Cherrett, N. (2005). Discussion. In Ecological footprint and water analysis of cotton, hemp and polyester (1st ed., Vol. 1, p.21). Stockholm: Stockholm Environmental Institute.
D. G. Kraenzel et al. (2013 July 1998). Industrial Hemp as an Alternative Crop in North Dakota. AER-402, North Dakota State University. Accessed 2015 March 28. Retrieved from

22. References
Data
Flynn, R., Garnett, A., Idowu, J., Monk, P.E., Pierce, J.B. (2014, January 6-8). Glandless Cotton in New Mexico: Beet Armyworm, Spodoptera Exigua and Bollworm, Helicoverpa Zea Development and Field Damage. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, New Orleans, LA.
Flynn, R.P., Garnett, A., Idowu, O.J., Monk, P.E., Pierce, J.B. (2013, January 7-10). Glandless Cotton in New Mexico: Impact of Nitrogen on Gossypol Associated Resistance to Cotton Bollworm and Beet Armyworm. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, Texas.
Flynn, R.P., Idowu, O.J., Pierce, J.B., Scheffler, J., Wedegaertner, T.C., Zhang. J. (2013, January 7-10). Evaluation of Three Cultivars of Glandless Cotton in New Mexico. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, Texas.
Flynn, R.P., Idowu, O.J., Pierce, J.B., Wedegaertner, T.C., Zhang, J. (2013, January 7-10). Planting Date and Fertilizer Rate Effects on Selected Cotton Cultivars in New Mexico. Beltwide Cotton Conferences, San Antonio, Texas.
Flynn, R.F., Idowu, O.J., Pierce, J.B., Wedegaertner, T., Zhang, J.F. (2014). Comparative Performance of a Glandless Acala Cultivar and Two Glanded Acala Cultivars in New Mexico. Journal of Cotton Science, 18:
Fortenbery & Bennett. (July 2001) Is Industrial Hemp Worth Further Study in the U.S.? A Survey of the Literature. University of Wisconsin-Madison. Accessed 20 April Retrieved from

23. References
Data
Frazier, J. (1991). The Great American Hemp Industry. Peterstown, West Virginia: Solar Age Press.
Hayo M.G. van der Werf. (2004). Life Cycle Analysis of Field Production of Fibre Hemp, the Effect of Production Practices on Environmental Impacts. Journal of Euphytica, 140, Accessed 1 March Retrieved from
Johnson, R. (2013, July 24). Hemp as an Agricultural Commodity. Accessed February 27, Retrieved from
Leizer et al. (2000). The Composition of Hemp Seed Oil and Its Potential as an Important Source of Nutrition. Journal of Nutraceuticals, Functional & Medicinal Foods, 2(4), Accessed 20 April Retrieved from
New Billion Dollar Crop. (February 1938). Popular Mechanics, 69, Accessed 20 April Retrieved from
Oosterhuis & Cothren. (2012). Flowering and Fruiting in Cotton, Eighth Edition. The Cotton Foundation. Accessed 28 March Retrieved from
Organic Cotton. The Requirements of the Cotton Plant. Accessed 28 March Retrieved from

24. References
Data
Ranalli, P. (1999). Advances in Hemp Research. Binghamton, New York: Food Products Press.
Roulac, J.W. (1997). Hemp Horizons, River Junction, Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing Company.
Schreiber, G. (1999). The Hemp Handbook. London, United Kingdom: VISION paperbacks.
The Cotton Foundation. Soil Fertility. Accessed 28 March Retrieved from
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. (8 March 2011) Cotton, Crop, Cultivation. Accessed 28 March Retrieved from
United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Library. (September 1999). Sustainable Agriculture: Definitions and Terms. Accessed 28 February Retrieved from

25. References
Data
United States Department of Agriculture National Agricultural Statistics Service (2013). New Mexico Agricultural Statistics. Accessed 21 March Retrieved from
University of Kentucky Department of Agricultural Economics. (2013 July). Economic Considerations for Growing Industrial Hemp: Implications for Kentucky’s Farmers and Agricultural Economy. Accessed 20 March Retrieved from

26. References
Images
American Institute of Chemical Engineering. [Graphic: sustainable recycling symbol]. AIChE’s Sustainable Meeting Initiative. Accessed 21 March Retrieved from
Australian Broadcasting Corporation – Rural. (2014) [Image: up-close photo of an industrial hemp plant]. Industrial Hemp Crop Beginning to Flower and Seed. Accessed 01 March Retrieved from
Economic Research Service. (6 March 2015) [Graphic: Farm Bill 2014] Agricultural Act 2014: Highlights and Implications. Accessed 28 March Retrieved from
Fediol. (2015). [Graphic: sustainable agriculture venn diagram]. Sustainable Agriculture. Accessed 20 April Retrieved from
Guangzhou New Sino Biotech Co., Ltd. [Graphic: seed oil]. Pomegranate Seed Oil. Accessed 18 March Retrieved from
Hemphasis. [Graphic: Popular Mechanics article]. New Billion Dollar Crop, Popular Mechanics Magazine, February Accessed 20 April Retrieved from

27. References
Images
New Mexico State University, News Center. (2014) [Image: up-close photo of cotton plant]. NMSU Cotton Research Program Introduces Shrimp Production to New Mexico. Accessed 18 March Retrieved from
NORML. (30 December 2009). [Graphic: hemp farm]. 8th Circuit Court Rules Industrial Hemp is Still Marijuana. Accessed 20 April Retrieved from
Purdue University; Parking, Airport and Transportation Service. (2012) [Graphic: green fuel pump]. Our Sustainability Efforts. Accessed 28 February Retrieved from
Re-Legalize. [Graphic: hemp uses]. Industrial Hemp 101. Accessed 20 April Retrieved from
Stewardship Community. [Graphic: natural and human resources requiring stewardship for sustainable agriculture]. What Is Sustainable Agriculture? Accessed 28 February Retrieved from

28. References
Images
Sustainable Agriculture Initiative Platform. (2010) [Graphic: four main pillars of Principles and Practices for Sustainable Agriculture]. Issues Related to the Principles of Sustainable Agriculture. Accessed 28 February Retrieved from
Yahoo! Finance. (16 December 2011). [Graphic: plant/light-bulb] Save Money and the Planet with these Green Tips. Accessed 20 April Retrieved from