1. Zero-energy Principle as a Fundamental Law of Nature Zero-energy principle of the universe, history and implications Heikki Sipilä Physics Foundations Society Scientific Models and a Comprehensive Picture of Reality May 20-21 2016 Helsinki The House of Science and Letters

2. Content of presentation Starting point and background Mach’s principle What is zero energy principle Quantitative explanation of Mach’s principle based on Dr. Suntola’s model Zero energy principle presented by different authors Implications in our solar system Current situation in physics

3. Mach’s principle and inertia Ernst Mach proposed that inertia of the mass is caused by all other masses in the space. He criticized Isaac Newton because he defined absolute frame of reference for motion. Mach’s explanation for inertia motivated Albert Einstein in his development of GTR even he could not incorporate Mach’s principle in his theory Quantitative explanation of Mach’s principle has been problematic

4. Zero energy principle In this presentation it means that total energy of the universe is zero

5. Presentation of Dr. Suntola in October 1998 Dr. Suntola invited me to listen his presentation He presented his model and explanation for the Mach’s principle One of the basis of his model is zero energy principle of the universe. I had not heard this hypothesis earlier Suntola presented his model and explanation for the Mach’s principle

6. Basic postulates of Suntola’s Dynamic Universe Model Space is described as the three-dimensional surface of a four-dimensional sphere. The dynamics of space (contraction/expansion) is determined by the zero-energy balance of the energies of motion and gravitation in the structure.

7. Why I got interested to study Suntola’s model I found that physicists mostly misunderstood whole idea I had not heard of the zero energy principle, neither many physicists I am physicist; my field has been x-ray detectors for space research I started myself to do first some calculations to test Suntola’s model. First I wanted to see if the model really explains Mach’s principle

9. Zero energy principle and inertia - From zero energy principle follows Mach’s principle -From Mach’s principle follows zero energy principle

10. Fundamental issue in Zero energy principle Mc 2 = constant × M 2 G/R How this can be valid during the expansion of space if we assume that mass M and gravitational constant G don’t change in time when distance R from origin will increase ?

11. Literature study Same time with my calculations I started to study literature what is said about zero energy principle.

12. Literature search My first hit was auto-bioraphy of George Gamov 1904-1968

13. Gamov told the story He was walking over the street with Einstein and mentioned to him that Pascal Jordan is proposing theory that everything is created from nothingness; The total energy of the universe is zero. Einstein stopped on street and was close to be driven over.

14. Pascal Jordan 1901-1980 He is best known on his role in the development of quantum field theory

15. Pascal Jordan tried to develop cosmology based on variable gravitational constant. It is known as Jordan-Brans-Dicke theory Gravitational constant does not seem to be variable. Upper limit from solar system experiments for dG/dt/G is 2x10E-12 /year

16. Dennis W. Sciama 1929-1999

17. Origin of Inertia D.W. Sciama published 1952 an article ”On the origin of Inertia” (in the end of paper he presented thanks for discussions to Gold and Bondi) His PhD thesis 1953 was on the Mach’s principle and inertia. His supervisor was Paul Dirac

18. Main results of Sciama Sciama formulated vector potential for gravitation. He showed is his theory that ”We obtain for rectilinear motion a combination of Newton’s laws of motion and of gravitation, with the inertial frame determined by Mach’s principle Because theory accepts the Mach’s principle it can give estimate of the mass of the universe

19. Sciama and zero energy principle In his paper he expressed this by ”Equation implies that the total energy (inertial plus gravitational) of a particle at rest in the universe is zero”

20. Ilan Kroo Professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at Stanford University 1985-present

21. Ilan Kroo wrote a paper as a post graduate student like Sciama (but not knowing his work) Physical and Epistemological Foundations of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity -- A Critique and Alternative View Ilan Kroo 10-Mar-1980 Not submitted for publication.

22. Results of Ilan Kroo He developed exactly same vector potential for gravitation than W.Sciama based on Mach’s principle He had exactly same conclusion than Sciama that local laws of motions are determined by the potential of the mass of the universe I. Kroo derived formula for the acceleration based on Mach’s principle

23. Newton’s law requires that

24. From previous zero energy follows Then Which is same than Problem: Space is expanding and R will increase. How this equation is possible?

25. Conflict between constant velocity of light and gravitational constant ”According to the view presented here, however, it is the quantity that must be taken as constant in time and m is to found vary” (proposal of Ilan Kroo)

26. Richard Feynman 1918-1988

27. Feynman,R., Morinigo,W., Wagner,W., Feynman Lectures on Gravitation p.10 and 164, (during the academic year 1962-63), Addison-Wesley Publishing Company (1995 ) “If now we compare this number [total gravitational energy M 2 G/R to the total rest energy of the universe, Mc 2, lo and behold, we get the amazing result that GM 2 /R = Mc 2, so that the total energy of the universe is zero — — Why this should be so is one of the great mysteries—and therefore one of the important questions of physics.”

28. More from Feynman in the same book “...One intriguing suggestion is that the universe has a structure analogous to that of a spherical surface. If we move in any direction on such a surface, we never meet a boundary or end, yet the surface is bounded and finite. It might be that our three- dimensional space is such a thing, a tridimensional surface of a four sphere. The arrangement and distribution of galaxies in the world that we see would then be something analogous to a distribution of spots on a spherical ball.”

29. Feynman never developed any cosmology based on those comments He was skeptical on Mach’s principle and even not mentioned Mach’s name in his well known textbooks ”Lectures on Physics”

30. C.S. Unnikrishnan Professor at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai

31. Unnikrisnan, active scientist in Mach’s principle “Cosmic Relativity that identifies all relativistic and kinematical effects and dynamical laws in physics as due to the gravitational effect of cosmic matter. An elaborate program for experimental tests and verifications of these ideas is underway in my laboratory (www.tifr.res.in/~filab). ”

32. Is Zero-energy principle real ? Total charge seems to be zero. Electrons and positrons appear in the same process together There is no evidence that total angular momentum of space differs from zero Total energy is zero ?

33. Do we have evidence that our three dimensional space is expanding surface of four sphere ? Space appears rather accurately Euclidian. When we observe in any direction we see to the ”beginning”.

34. Periodic redshifts discovered by W. Tifft Those observations are real but not often even mentioned in cosmology textbooks In his book “An Introduction of Cosmology” Prof Narlikar wrote on periodic redshifts: “The tendency on the part of the conventional cosmologist is to discount them in the hope that, with more complete data, they may disappear. At the time writing those account the data show no such tendency! ”

35. Some properties of periodic redshifts They appear most sharply in the rest frame of cosmic millimeter-wave background Ari Lehto has predicted accurately frequencies of those redshifts based on period doubling It appears like we are in the center of the spheres of periodic redshifts. It is surprising beautiful symmetry

36. Explanation by creationist Retired physicist D. Russell Humphreys turned to creationist. He found it impossible to explain Tifft’s periodic redshifts other way than, that Earth is in the center of universe and this is sign from God.

37. Physical explanation ? According Tiff’s observations redshift of galaxy can change in twenty years when diameter of galaxy is 100.000 light years. This indicates that those periodic redshifts may be energy frame phenomena on the surface of 4D sphere

38. What could be explanation to the zero energy of the universe As an explanation is proposed by several authors that universe has really appeared from nothingness as an quantum phenomenon. This explains well the zero energy principle This means that everything is loan and when loan is paid back, nothing remains At the moment we can only guess !

39. My trials to test Suntola’s model Faint sun paradox. No conflict I proposed to study how days in a year will change in time. Suntola made analysis and results fit well with observations (coral fossils+radiometric data back to 800 M years)

40. What is faint Sun paradox Brightness of Sun was 25% lower 4000Ma years ago Still on both Earth and Mars were oceans. Temperature of the oceans on Earth were 30-40 Celsius according minerals what developed on the ocean floor. Because brightness of Sun, Earth should be frozen and liquid water on Mars would be completely impossible

41. Faint sun paradox Explanation based on expanding solar system Distances of planets from Sun now and 3850 Ma ago Now -3850 Ma Mercury 58 Mkm 0.39 AU 45 Mkm 0.30 AU Venus 108 0.72 83 0.55 Earth 150 1.00 116 0.77 Mars 230 1.53 178 1.19 Habitable zone now is 0.95 AU-1.37 AU Habitable zone -3850 Ma ago was 0.78 AU-1.19 AU Earth and Mars are both in this zone

42. What is ”officially” accepted view of the reality in physics now Mach principle is gone. Inertia is explained by the interaction of Higgs field. Gravitational potential of the universe has no role. Expansion of the universe is explained to accelerate caused by dark energy. Nobody knows what the dark energy is. Dark energy will increase in time. Energy conservation is not valid. Phenomena are explained by tuning parameters. Theories cannot be falsified anymore.

43. Citation from Lev Landau Cosmologist are often in error but never in doubt.