1. Chem. 31 – 6/6 Lecture

2. Announcements I Two quizzes – returned in lab Lab Procedures Quiz – today (in lab) Blackboard site is up –Will have scores (note: I still need to work on columns for lab score, lecture score and net score –Also has quiz solutions posted –Rest of posted information on website

3. Announcements II Today’s Lecture –Titrations (finish back titration example) –Chapter 3 (Error and Uncertainty) Definitions Significant figures Accuracy and precision in measurements Propagation of uncertainty

4. Titrations Back Titration Example The Mass percent of carbonate is determined in a soil sample by a back titration. A 1.00 g soil sample is placed in a flask and then 10.00 mL of 1.00 M HCl is added. The sample is heated to drive out CO 2, and the excess HCl requires 38.11 mL of 0.0825 M NaOH. What is the percent carbonate (CO 3 2- ) in the soil sample?

5. Chapter 3 – Error and Uncertainty Error is the difference between measured value and true value or error = measured value – true value Uncertainty –Less precise definition –The range of possible values that, within some probability, includes the true value

6. Measures of Uncertainty Explicit Uncertainty: Measurement of CO 2 in the air: 399 + 3 ppmv The + 3 ppm comes from statistics associated with making multiple measurements (Covered in Chapter 4) Implicit Uncertainty: Use of significant figures (399 has a different meaning than 400 and 399.32)

7. Significant Figures (review of general chem.) Two important quantities to know: –Number of significant figures –Place of last significant figure Example: 13.06 4 significant figures and last place is hundredths Learn significant figures rules regarding zeros

8. Significant Figures - Review Some Examples (give # of digits and place of last significant digit) –21.0 –0.030 –320 –10.010

9. Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations Addition and Subtraction: –Place of last significant digit is important (NOT number of significant figures) –Place of sum or difference is given by least well known place in numbers being added or subtracted Example: 12.03 + 3 Hundredths placeones place = 15.03 Least well known = 15

10. Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations Multiplication and Division –Number of sig figs is important –Number of sig figs in Product/quotient is given by the smallest # of sig figs in numbers being multiplied or divided Example: 3.2 x 163.02 2 places5 places = 521.664= 520 = 5.2 x 10 2

11. Significant Figures in Mathematical Operations Multi-step Calculations –Follow rules for each step –Keep track of # of and place of last significant digits, but retain more sig figs than needed until final step Example: (27.31 – 22.4)2.51 = ? Step 1 (subtraction): (4.91)2.51 Step 2 multiplication = 12.3241 = 12 Note: 4.91 only has 2 sig figs, more digits listed (and used in next step)

12. Significant Figures More Rules Separate rules for logarithms and powers (Covering, know for homework, but not tests) –logarithms: # sig figs in result to the right of decimal point = # sig figs in operand example: log(107) –Powers: # sig figs in results = # sig figs in operand to the right of decimal point example: 10 -11.6 107 = operand 3 sig fig = 2.02938 results need 3 sig figs past decimal point = 2.029 = 2.51 x 10 -12 = 3 x 10 -12 1 sig fig past decimal point

13. Significant Figures More Rules When we cover explicit uncertainty, we get new rules that will supersede rules just covered!

14. Types of Errors Systematic Errors –Always off in one direction –Examples: using a “ stretched ” plastic ruler to make length measurements (true length is always greater than measured length); reading buret without moving eye to correct height Random Errors –Equally likely in any direction –Present in any (continuously varying type) measurement –Examples: 1) fluctuation in readings of a balance with window open, 2) errors in interpolating (reading between markings) buret readings True Volume Meas. Volume eye

15. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy is a measure of how close a measured value is to a true value Precision is a measure of the variability of measured values Precise and Accurate Precise, but not accurate Poor precision (Accuracy also not great)

16. Accuracy and Precision Accuracy is affected by systematic and random errors Precision is affected mainly by random errors Precision is easier to measure

17. Accuracy and Precision Both imprecise and inaccurate measurements can be improved Accounting for errors improves inaccurate measurements (if shot is above and right aim low + left) Averaging improves imprecise measurements aim here rough ave of imprecise shots

18. Propagation of Uncertainty What does propagation of uncertainty refer to? It refers to situations when one or more variables are measured in order to calculate another variable Examples: –Calculation of volume delivered by a buret: V buret = V final – V intial –Note: uncertainty in V buret can be calculated by uncertainty in V initial and V final or by making multiple reading to get multiple values of V buret (and then using the statistics covered in Chapter 4) –Calculation of the volume of a rectangular solid: V object = l · w · h –Calculation of the density of a liquid: Density = m liquid /V liquid Go to Board to go over examples V initial V final l h w