1. 1968-1980 Chapter 39: The Stalemated Seventies

2. Chapter 39 Vocabulary 1. Détente 2. Executive privilege 3. Vietnamization 4. Kent State Killings 5. War Powers Act 6. Watergate Scandal 7. 25 th Amendment 8. Title IX 9. Roe v. Wade 10. Iranian hostage crisis

3. Economic Changes 1970s economic decrease in productivity Who caused the slump? Women Teenagers New machinery Compliance with new government regulations Vietnam War LBJ: over spending in foreign and domestic endeavors … ?

4. Inflation causes Vietnam war Oil prices Fighting in Vietnam and the Great Society simultaneously Cost of living more than tripled between 1960s- 1970s

5. Richard Nixon Inaugurated Jan. 1969 Solitary Suspicious of people Bitter against “liberal establishment” Broad knowledge and expertise in foreign affairs

6. Vietnamization Vietnamization: plan to end Vietnam War, turning war over to SV army while gradually pulling out US troops Nixon hoped it would give SV leaders time to create stable anti- communist government

7. “Nixon Doctrine” ‘69: 540,000 troops ’72: 24,000 troops Nixon Doctrine- countries will have to fight their own battles without US in full support with army Anti-war activists didn’t like Nixon’s plan because it wasn’t immediate

8. Doves anti-war Staged a national moratorium in October 1969 100,000 people in Boston 50,000 people in Washington DC

9. Silent Majority Nixon believed he had the support of the silent majority: Americans who he believed supported the government’s goals in Vietnam

10. 1970 Vietnam War January 1970- longest American conflict in history 40,000 killed 250,000 wounded War was unpopular even on the ground in Vietnam African Americans high in casualty rate at beginning Morale of soldiers dims with fragmenting

11. March 16, 1968 US troops under Lt. William Calley entered the village of My Lai on search and destroy mission No Vietcong found Soldiers killed at least 450 women, children, and elderly men

12. My Lai Massacre Kept quiet by high- ranking military officials Soldiers leaked it out Sept. 1969 Calley charged with murder Intensified divisions between war supporters and opponents

13. Cambodia Nixon ordered troops into Cambodia on April 29, 1970 without Congressional approval “cleaning out” enemy from neutral Cambodia Many Americans protested Nixon withdrew troops on June 29, 1970 Cambodian invasion deepened lines between hawks and doves

14. Kent State University Akron, Ohio: May 2, 1970 Protestors set fire to ROTC building Governor sends national guard to campus May 4, 1970 4 students killed; 9 injured

15. 26 th Amendment 1971 Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18 Appeases the anti-war population

16. 1971 NY Times published a collection of secret government documents tracing the US’ military involvement in Vietnam Revealed that the government had mislead Americans for years Leaked by a former Dept. of Defense official Daniel Ellsberg

17. Nixon travels to China July 1971 Nixon announces his plan to go to China February 1972 he makes the trip Shanghai Communiqué- two nations will “normalize” their relationship

18. Moscow May 1972 Détente – relaxed tension with both China and USSR 3 year agreement with Soviets for US to sell $750 million in wheat, corn, and other cereals (ABM) Anti Ballistic Missile treaty limited each nation to 2 clusters of defensive missiles

19. SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Aimed at freezing long range nuclear weapons for five years Both ABM and SALT are steps to slowing the arms race US breaks ABM by making MIRVs (Multiple Independently Reentry Vehicles) that will overcome any defense by saturating it with large numbers of warheads, Soviets followed with MIRV of their own

20. Nixon’s anticommunism continues Opposes election of Salvador Allende in Chile (1970) Embargoed Allende regime and CIA worked to undermine elections

21. Supreme Court Warren court was concerned for “individuals” Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)– protecting women’s abortion rights Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)- all defendants are entitled to legal counsel Escobedo (1964) and Miranda v. Arizona (1966)- rights of the accused protected

22. Under the Warren Court NY Times v. Sullivan (1964)- public figures can sue for libel only if “malice” can be proven to be the motivator Engel v. Vitale (1962) prohibited prayer in school School District of Abbington Township v. Schempp (1963)- prohibited reading the Bible in public schools

23. Changes to the Court Nixon sought appointees who practiced judicial restraint and wouldn’t “meddle” in social issues Warren E. Burger succeeded Earl Warren as Chief Justice Backfired in Nixon’s face Roe v. Wade (1973)- legalized abortion

24. Nixon approved programs Surprisingly, Nixon presided over significant expansion of the welfare programs: Food Stamps Medicaid Aid to Families with Dependent Children Supplemental Security Income – assist aged, blind and disabled Social Security cost of living increase

25. Philadelphia Plan Changed the meaning of affirmative action Nixon changes it from protection of individuals to a program that gives privileges to certain groups Griggs v. Duke Power Co (1971)- prohibited intelligence tests that would exclude minorities or women from certain jobs Only sure protection against discrimination charges is to hire minorities

26. New Agencies for the environment 1970: Concern for the environment EPA – Environmental Protection Agency OSHA- Occupational Health and Safety Administration Rachel Carson- Silent Spring exposed effects of pesticides Clean Air Act of 1970 and Endangered Species Act of 1973- notable progress for changes with cars, toxic waste sites

27. Steps to fix inflation… 1971 90 day freeze on wages and prices Took the US off of the gold standard Ended “Bretton Woods” system of international currency that had governed the world since WWII The rest of the world is tied to the gold standard for the purpose of exchange rates

28. “Southern Strategy” Nixon’s plan to achieve a solid majority in 1972 election: Appoint conservative Supreme Court justices soft-pedal civil rights oppose school busing to achieve racial balance Southern strategy becomes superfluous because foreign policy dominated the campaign

29. Vietnam War Spring 1972- NV send tanks through the Demilitarized zone (DMZ) into SV Nixon launches bombs on strategic centers in NV China or USSR could have aided North Vietnam, but didn’t thanks to Nixon’s shrewd diplomacy

30. 1972 Election Vietnam was the central issue George McGovern: South Dakota Senator Promises to pull out troops in 90 days of entering office - VP candidate Eagleton was undergoing psychiatric care dooming the candidacy Nixon: Emphasized troop reduction Kissinger announced “peace at hand” 12 days before election Landslide election

32. “Peace with honor” Right after the election Nixon bombed the heck out of NV to force their negotiators to the table Jan. 23, 1973: Cease- fire agreed to US withdrew 27,000 troops and reclaimed 560 POWs Reality: American retreat

33. Cambodia US Air Force had been bombing Cambodia targeting NV camps Nixon had sworn we were respecting Cambodian neutrality Bombing devastated Cambodia for years to come Nixon repeatedly vetoed Congress’ efforts to stop him

34. Pol Pot of Cambodia tyrant killed as many as 2 million of his own people He was forced from power by Vietnamese invasion in 1978

35. War Powers Act 1973 November 1973: Forced the president to report to Congress within 28 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict Places a 60-day limit on Presidential deployment of troops without congressional approval Restored power to Congress to declare war

36. “New Isolationism” Mood of caution and restraint in the conduct of national foreign affairs (after Vietnam) Draft ends in Jan. 1973 Armed forces was to be by volunteer basis only

37. Oil Embargo Arab nations impose an oil embargo on countries not supporting them US was included in the embargo because of support for Israel Arab nations were included in OPEC: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries US dependent on OPEC for oil

38. US and Foreign Oil 1970: US: 1/5 of the oil is imported 1973: US: 1/3 of the oil is imported

39. US feels the effects… Gas becomes scarce People had to wait in long lines Some gas stations rationed so cars could only go on specific days Gas went from $.30 to $.70! Sometimes gas prices would change when you got to the gas station

40. Affects who? Effects more than just consumers with cars Increases machine operating costs  Factories Increases costs of harvest  Farmers Increases the cost of transportation from farms or factories to stores

41. Changes at home National Speed limit set at 55 mph to conserve fuel Nixon approves construction on Alaskan pipeline

42. Kissinger’s plan  Who is Kissinger?  Nixon’s Secretary of State  Plan shuttle democracy: he travels from group to group trying to work on individual agreements with countries to end fighting

43. Negotiations.. Kissinger organizes: Peace with Israel and Egypt Peace between Israel and Syria Ends military disagreements Lifts embargo on oil OPEC more than quadruples the price of oil

44. Watergate June 17,1972 five men were arrested at the Watergate apartment/office complex trying to plant “bugs” in the DNC headquarters They were part of CREEP- Committee for the Re-election of the President

45. Watergate charges Using the IRS to harass innocent citizens on the White House “enemies list” Forging documents to discredit Democrats Burglarizing the office of the psychiatrist who treated Daniel Ellsburg Forcing the FBI and CIA to cover up for him.

46. Collapse of the White House Agnew resigns in October 1973 for taking bribes Gerald Ford replaces Agnew as V.P. Senate committee held televised hearings about the Watergate affair in 1973-1974 Nixon denied all involvement Nixon refused to produce evidence of the tapes from the Oval Office under executive privilege

47. Saturday Night Massacre October 20, 1973 Nixon fired the special prosecutor appointed to investigate the scandal He also fired the Attorney General and deputy AG because they refused to go along with the firing of the prosecutor.

48. Nixon’s partial cooperation He agrees to give up an edited version of the tapes “censored version” July 24, 1974 Supreme Court determines he must give up all of the tapes and executive privilege gives him NO RIGHTS. House Judiciary Committee began to draw up impeachment charges after tapes incriminated Nixon for obstruction of justice, abuse of power and contempt of Congress

49. Resignation Nixon resigns rather than facing impeachment August 8, 1974 resignation on television

50. Gerald Ford Has to overcome public misconceptions August 1974 takes over White House 1 st president NOT elected to the office Ford grants Nixon a pardon

51. Continued Détente Tries to enhance it with a meeting in Helsinki, Finland July 1975 35 leaders Legitimized Soviet countries like Poland and other Eastern European nations Soviets in exchange agreed to more sharing of information between east and west More “take than give” from the Soviets Soviets continued with human rights violations and the US countered with a trade bill

52. Exiting Vietnam April 29, 1975 the last Americans were evacuated out of Vietnam by helicopter Technically America didn’t lose.. South Vietnam did Total cost was $118 billion Total death count: 56,000 300,000 wounded

53. Losses US 56,000 Americans killed 600 POWs 2,500 MIA Vietcong/NVA 1 million killed South Vietnam 185,000 soldiers killed 450,000 civilians killed

54. Missing In Action AMERICANS UNACCOUNTED FOR IN SOUTHEAST ASIA COMPONENT COUNTRY OF LOSS VN VS LA CBCH TOTALS ARMY 10 431 81 28 0 550 NAVY 259 84 19 0 7 369 MARINE CORPS 22 166 17 8 0 213 AIR FORCE 186 135 218 17 0 556 COAST GUARD 0 0 0 0 0 0 CIVILIANS 1 19 6 6 0 32 TOTALS 478 835 341 59 7 1720

55. Effects Defoliants cause birth defects: American soldiers Vietnamese people US dropped 8 million tons of bombs US soldiers not well received at home

56. Feminism Women’s Stride for Equality 1970 Title IX (1972) women’s rights in education and sports Equal Rights Amendment- 1972 rights can’t be denied because of sex Reed v. Reed and Frontiero v. Richardson and Roe v. Wade all gave women power

57. Death of the ERA Phyllis Schlafly Thought it would undermine the American family Amendment died in 1982 3 states short of success.

58. Black and White 70s Milliken v. Bradley (1974) – desegregation couldn’t require students to move across district lines Reinforced “white flight” Affirmative action protests by white students and workers begin to rise based off of race rather than achievement Bakke vs. UC Davis Allan Bakke Tries to get into UC Davis med school Supreme Court orders that racial status shouldn’t be the sole decision maker but that they should be taken into account in decisions for diversity

59. Alcatraz Occupation November 1969 Native Americans Occupy Alcatraz for 18 months Claim its theirs under 1868 Treaty at Fort Laramie

60. Results of Alcatraz Protest Don’t regain Alcatraz, gain public attention New Mexico returns 48,000 acres of sacred land, Connecticut, Maine and Washington also return land

61. AIM AIM: American Indian Movement Founded in 1968 Larger force behind the Red Power Movement Wanted renewal of traditional cultures, economic independence, and better education for NA children

62. Wounded Knee Take over Pine Ridge Reservation in Wounded Knee, South Dakota 200 AIM members occupy Wounded Knee until US Marshalls kick them out 71 day stand off 2 AIM members killed, 1 Marshall injured

63. Government promises to consider the demands of AIM US government does not follow through on promise

64. Gains Instilled pride in Native Americans Congress passed laws to enhance Native American life Appreciation of their culture

65. 1976 Bicentennial Election Gerald Ford runs for the Republican ticket Democrats choose James Earl Carter Peanut farmer Former Georgia governor Baptist Ran against the corruption of Watergate

67. Results of 1976 Both houses of Congress have Democratic majority Large portion of African American votes (97%) went to Carter Department of Energy created Pardoned draft dodgers from Vietnam – campaign promise Never considered an insider in Washington DC

68. Human Rights As a committed Christian, human rights were the guiding principle of his foreign policy In Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and South Africa, he championed the oppressed black majority Carter’s most spectacular foreign-policy achievement came in September 1978; getting Egypt and Israel to agree on peaceful relations Israel gave back some conquered land and Egypt promised to respect Israel’s borders Full diplomatic relations resume with China in 1979 Proposed 2 treaties giving ownership and control of the Panama Canal back to Panama by 2000.

69. Foreign Policy Triumph President Anwar Sadat of Egypt and Prime Minister Menachem Begin to a summit at Camp David Sign accord Sept. 17, 1978 Israel agrees to withdraw from territory taken in 1967 war Egypt promises to respect Israeli boundaries

70. Foreign Policy Woes Détente crumbling as thousands of Cuban troops, with help from Soviet advisors, appeared in Angola, Ethiopia and other parts of Africa to aid revolutionary factions Arms control negotiations with Moscow stalled in the face of this Soviet military meddling

71. Economy & Energy Woes Inflation rate rose above 13% in 1979 Oil caused American payments to dwindle so that we owed money ($40 billion) No longer can have economic isolation Americans have to change the game plan for international trade 27% of GNP depended on foreign trade National debt equals $60 billion by 1980 The “Prime rate”- rate of interest charged by banks rose to 20% in 1980 Carter blames economic problems on dependence on foreign oil

72. Trouble in Iran Reza Pahlevi established as shah in 1953 Regime is overturned with revolution in 1979 America is denounced by revolutionaries as the “Great Satan” Chaos erupts in Iran OPEC seizes opportunity to raise gas prices again Carter headed to Camp David for 10 days to figure out how to help the US Called in over 100 advisers

73. Carter Responds after Camp David Retreat He chides the nation for falling into a “moral and spiritual crisis” and for being too concerned with “material goods” A few days later, he fired four cabinet secretaries and surrounded himself with his fellow Georgian advisers Critics began to wonder if the “man of the people” was losing touch with the popular mood

74. Soviet dealings June 1979 Carter and Leonid Brezhnev meet in Vienna for SALT II Limiting levels of lethal strategic weapons in both America and Soviet Union Tensions caused the treaty not to be ratified

75. Iranian tensions November 4, 1979 Militant Muslims storm the embassy in Teheran, Iran and take all occupants as hostages Demand US ship back the exiled shah who had arrived in the US for medical treatment Dec. 27, 1979, Soviets enter Afghanistan and are poised to strike Iran’s oil and access to the Persian Gulf

76. Carter’s Reaction Carter slaps an embargo on the export of grain and high-tech machinery to the USSR and calls for a boycott of the Moscow Olympics Carter claims America will do whatever is necessary to protect the Persian Gulf Carter admits he misjudged the Soviets Iranian hostages held for over a year Carter tries to apply economic sanctions and the pressure of world public opinion against the Iranians in order to free hostages Carter sent in special forces… as the helicopters were leaving 2 collided killing 8