1. Bell Ringer  What does the term “gilded” mean?

2. 6.1: The Gilded Age—The Rise of Big Business & the Closing of the Western FrontierIndustrialization Reconstruction & Rise of Jim Crow Ranching, Mining, Farming

3. USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The South The South: After the failure of Reconstruction in 1877, the South entered the Jim Crow era

4. Sharecropping & Segregation

5. USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The West The West: Farmers, ranchers, & miners closed the last of the frontier at the expense of Indians

6. transcontinental 1 st transcontinental railroad connected the west coast to eastern cities in 1869 Chinese workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the western leg Irish workers made up a large percentage of laborers on the eastern section

8. Populists  Populists were westerners who wanted  “Free silver” (Bi-metalism)  Regulation of railroads  Income tax  Direction election of senators

9. Native Americans in the West: Native Americans in the West: Major Battles & Reservations Little Big HornLittle Big Horn—Sioux surrounded & killed US Army division led by Custer Wounded KneeWounded Knee—Indians were killed to stop performance of Ghost Dance ritual

10. USA in the Gilded Age: 1870-1900 The North The North: Experienced an industrial revolution, mass immigration, & urbanization

11. Bell Ringer – Analyze the picture

12. Becoming An Industrial Society: a Technological Revolution

13. Key Terms Patent Productivity Transcontinental Railroad Bessemer Process Mass Production

14. Setting the Scene America’s Industrialization began before the Civil War After the Civil War the US boomed into becoming an Industrial Powerhouse Investors and scientist were backed by big business leaders

15. Changes in Daily Life 1865 – no indoor electric lighting, no refrigeration, ice was expensive, mail slow (~10 days from East coast to Midwest, ~3 weeks to the West) Between 1790-1860 only 36,000 patents were issued License that give an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention for a set period of time Between 1860-1890 500,000 patents were issued Ex. Typewriter, telephone, phonograph America quickly earned the highest standard of living in the world through an increase of productivity The amount of goods and services created in a give period of time

16. New Forms of EnergyEnergy There was a need for a new cheaper energy source Petroleum and Electricity were the top of the list Drake Strikes Oil Titusville, Pennsylvania 1858-59 Edwin Drake built and used the first drill to find oil Finds oil and kicks off the oil industry Edison, a Master of Invention Thomas A Edison – made electric power widely available Thomas A Edison Invented the first light bulb and phonograph Central Power Stations – 1882 - a power plant that provided electricity to dozens of buildings Used direct current – expensive and short travel distance

17. Improved Electricity Lewis Latimer – improved Edison’s light bulb George Westinghouse alternating current – cheaper than Edison’s direct current and could travel farther Transformers – boost power levels to send electricity over longer distances These made electricity in homes more practical General Electric and Westinghouse Electric formed from Edison and Westinghouse idea’s and inventions Electricity Impacts Electric sewing machine – led to rapid growth of the ready made clothing industry Electric refrigerator – possible because households now had electricity Slowed food from going bad Relieved the need to preserve foods by smoking or salting

18.  How did the light bulb change daily life in the late 1800s?

19. Telegraph vs Telephone Telegraph Invented in the early 1700s Samuel F.B. Morse – perfected the telegraph Developed Morse Code Sent first message using the code in 1844 Western Union Telegraph Company By 1870 – 100,000 miles of wire and 9 million messgages Telephone Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 First called “talking telegraph” 1879 – First telephone installed in the White House How did the telegraph and change daily life in the late 1800s? Telephone?

20. Railroads Create a national network 1850: Steam powered ships still provided the majority of American transportation Improvements in train and track design boosted railroads Pre-Civil War-Issues with trains  Trains did not have standard track width  Passengers constantly had to switch rails  No standard system of signals  Unreliable brakes Transcontinental Railroad – a railway extending from coast to coast  Completed by Union Pacific and Central Pacific Railroad Companies in 7 years Most workers were immigrants – Irish or Chinese

21. Railroad Developments Train Issues:  Noisy, dirty, and uncomfortable for travelers Train travel continued to expand and improve:  New tech assisted in the development of the railroad  Steel rails replaced iron rails  Track gauges and signals became standardized  Safety also improved: Westinghouse developed more effective air brakes  1887: Granville Woods patented a telegraph system for communication with moving trains  Reduced the risk of collision.

22. Railroads and Time Zones Scheduling was an issue for railroads 1800s most people set their clocks independently according to solar time. Time differences created confusion  1883 the railroads adopted a nation system of time zones to improve scheduling  Clocks in broad regions of the country showed the same time  Helped passengers and businesses that shipped goods

23. Railroads and Industry  Railroads played a key role in revolutionizing business and industry in several ways  Faster and more practical means of transporting goods  Trains not limited by water conditions and could transport larger items in much greater quantities  Lower costs of production  Cheaper way to transport goods  Creation of National Markets:  Market and sell products nationwide instead of locally  Model of big business  Professional manager and specialized departments  Stimulation of other Industries: steel replaced iron boosted the steel industry

24. Bessemer Process  1850s: Henry Bessemer and William Kelley developed a new process for making steel  1856 Bessemer received the first patent for the Bessemer Process  Steel is produced by melting iron, adding carbon and removing impurities  Bessemer Process made it easier and cheaper  Cheaper and easier process to remove impurities from iron  Steel is lighter, stronger, and more flexible than iron  Made Mass Production possible:  Production in great amounts

25. Brooklyn Bridge People who lived in Brooklyn and worked in Manhattan only had one way to travel and that was the ferry across the East River and Winter temps would often shut down the ferry Pre-Bridge – people from Brooklyn and Manhattan only had the ferry to cross the East River Post-Bridge – could now walk across the bridge between Brooklyn and Manhattan John A Roebling:  Designed a suspension bridge wit thick steel cables suspended from high towers  1595 feet above the river span, longest in world  Opened on May 24, 1883

26.  How and why did the United States become more industrial and urban during the 19 th Century?  How did the research and inventions of Thomas Edison and George Westinghouse impact the economic development and cultural progress of the United States?

27. America became the world’s leader in railroad, steel, & oil production

28. “Big Business”  Monopoliestrusts  Monopolies (trusts): Companies that controlled the majority of one industry:  Rockefeller’s Standard Oil  Carnegie’s U.S. Steel  Vanderbilt’s railroads

31. Bell Ringer  Bubble Map  Indicate the major industrial leaders of the time period. Extend the bubble map to include their innovations or businesses.  Vocabulary Quiz Next Week Date: TBA

32. Classwork  Take notes on pages 237-242  Answers questions 1-5

33. The Rise of Big Business  Main Idea:  Big Business created wealth for its owners and for the nation, but also prompted controversy over its methods.

34. Setting the Scene  The period of invention after the Civil War set the stage for industrial growth  New technology was still needed as well as more money  “money could make money” – Carnegie

35. Robber Barons or Captains of Industry  Rockefeller, Carnegie, Vanderbilt, and Morgan became known as:  Robber Barons  Term given to the wealthy and powerful who control natural resources, persuaded government officials, paid low wages, squashed competition, and created monopolies  Captains of Industry  Earned this nickname by people who felt they were positively helping the country  More jobs, new technology, helped raise the standard of living  Established universities, museums, and libraries

36. Social Darwinism v. Social Gospel  Social Darwinism  Belief that large companies were superior to small business  At the top because you are the strongest  Survival of the fitness, “natural selection”  Social Gospel  Belief you should use your money to help society  Aka Philanthropist  Give money to universities, museums, libraries  “Captains of Industry”

37. Business on a Larger Scale  Larger pools of capital – entrepreneurs had to invest massive amounts of capital, aka cash, or borrow money  Wider geographic span – railroads, telegraph, and telephone aided the growth of big business  Broader range of operations – big businesses combined multiple operation  Revised role ownership – business became so large “professional managers” would be hired to run the business  Methods of management – Accounting and other complex systems had to be developed

38. The Men Who Built America

39. Cornelius Vanderbilt  Got his start in steamboats  Charged low fares  Drove other steam boaters out of business  Sales his fleet  Used this money to get into railroads  Moved on to Railroads  Took ownership of lines between Chicago and New York  Lines were previous fragmented in short rails  Made them into long tracks that covered several states and lowered costs, increased efficiency, and sped up travel and shipment times  Social Gospel and philanthropist (Vanderbilt University)

40. John D. Rockefeller  Oil tycoon – founder of Standard Oil Company  Kerosene used more before electricity. Sale of kerosene decreased so Rockefeller began selling gasoline for cars  Created a monopoly by buying out smaller companies  Used horizontal integration  Made illegal by Ohio so his lawyers created trusts  Trusts – companies assign their stock to a board of trustees who combine them into a new organization  Social Darwinist – helped found the University of Chicago and the Rockefeller Foundation

41. Andrew Carnegie  Steel tycoon  Steel becomes important because of skyscrapers  Sets up Carnegie Steel Company in Pittsburg, PA using the Bessemer Process  Used vertical integration  Sold Carnegie Steel to J.P. Morgan  Would become one of the world’s richest men  Morgan would merge with other steel businesses to form U.S. Steel  World’s first billion dollar corporation  Wrote “Gospel of Wealth”  Social Gospel – 3,000 libraries, $350 million

42. Andrew Carnegie

43. J.P. Morgan  One of the most powerful bankers of his era  Financed railroads, US Steel, and General Electric  Helped struggling railroad companies and gained control of one-sixth of all American rail lines  Loaned the federal government $60 million in 1895  Used his influence to stabilize American financial markets during the Panic of 1907  Social Gospel

44. The Government Response  Americans became skeptical and wary of trusts, monopolies, oligopolies  The government was afraid to intervene at first with Big Businesses  Continuously helped the economy grow, even helped the country from a depression, twice  Sherman Antitrust Act  Outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce  Ineffective against trust for 15 years because the wording was left up the courts. Court favored the business

45. The Rise of Big Business Review 1.How did the theory of social Darwinism affect the government’s relationship to big business? 2.What were some features of the new big businesses? 3.How did methods such as vertical and horizontal consolidation, and factors such as economics of scale help companies dominate their markets? 4.Why did the Sherman Antitrust Act seek to stop big businesses from forming trusts?

47. Quick write  Imagine you are a worker during the rise of American Industrial and had the ability to choose your boss. Which of the big three big business men would you want to work for. Vanderbilt, Carnegie, or Rockefeller. Explain why you want to work for the person you picked.

49. Robber Barons or Captains of Industry?

50. Bell Ringer Today’s plan is to go the remaining notes quickly and watch and episode of the men who built America

51. Industrialization, Workers, and Strikes

52.  Main Idea:  Industry relied on its laborers, who worked in low-paying, unskilled jobs and often in unsafe factories. These conditions would eventually lead to the workers going on strikes.  Key Terms:  PieceworkSocialism  SweatshopCraft Union  Division of laborCollective Bargaining  ScabPullman Strike  AnarchistHaymarket Riot  Homestead Strike

53. The Growing Workforce  14 million people immigrated to the U.S. between 1860-1900  Find work in booming industrial centers  Contract Labor Act:  Law allowed employers to enter into contracts with immigrants. Employers would pay the cost of their passage in return for immigrants’ agreeing to work for a certain amount of time.  8-9 million people fled into American cities in the late 1800s  Fled poor economic conditions on the nation’s farms  Drought beginning in 1887 and more foreign competition made farm life difficult

54. Factory Work  1860: Ten hour workday, rarely enforced  Laborers worked 12 hour days, 6 days a week, sometimes more  1868 Federal Law: government employees had an 8 hour work day  People did not get paid by the hour, but by what they produced  Few cents for a garment or a number of cigars  System of Piecework: meant that those who worked the fastest and produced the most pieces earned the most money  Sweatshop: a shop where employees worked long hours at low wages under poor working conditions.

55. Would you rather…  Would you rather get paid by the hour or by how much you produced?  Would piecework be more or less motivation to complete your work?  Are school assignments similar to a piecework system? Explain your thoughts.

56. Increasing Efficiency  1881 Fredrick Winslow Taylor  Chief engineer went to a steel plant to improve work efficiency  Study worker’s completion time of tasks  How long does it take to complete a task  How long SHOULD it take to complete a task  Efficiency studies caused people to lose jobs due to workers completing more tasks and thereby the company needing less workers.

57. Division of Labor and interactions  Products were traditionally made by a single skilled worker from start to finish  Factory workers performed 1 small task over and over again  Division of Labor: separate tasks performed over and over against by a multitude of workers.  Interactions  Small businesses  Owners and workers interact on a daily business  Large businesses  Owners rarely visited factories  Workers were seen as interchangeable parts and were easily replaceable

58. Work Environment  Factory workers were ruled by the clock  Start, break, end  Fire workers for being late, talking, or refusing to do a task  Safety:  Deafening noise  Poor lighting and ventilation  Over work, unreliable equipment  Fires and accidents  Factory work offered higher pay

59. Child Labor  Children worked long dangerous hours in factories  5% of the workforce in 1880s-90s  Child labor came under fire in the 1890s and the early 1900s  Laws started coming into place to curb child labor.

60. Bell ringer  Write an essay that presents your opinion on whether the government should be allowed to restrict child labor or whether parents should be allowed to make decisions regarding their children’s employment and education. Your essay should be well organized and should be a minimum of 2 paragraphs

61. Gap between the Rich and Poor  1890 – 9% of Americans held 75% of the national wealth  Average worker only made a few hundred dollars a year  Socialism is an economic and political philosophy that favors public instead of private control  Socialist believe wealth should be distributed equally to everyone  Movement began in the early 1830s but made famous by Karl Marx in Communist Manifesto.  A small % of American workers would become Socialist and would call for an end to free enterprise  Others would form labor unions

62. Labor Unions  The first national labor union was the National Trade Union  Open to all workers regardless of work  Only lasted a few years before being destroyed by the depression of 1837  Knights of Labor formed in Philadelphia in 1869  Goal was to form a single union of all types of workers including women and African- Americans  Lead by Terence Powerderly – helped bring reforms for equal pay for equal work, 8 hour work day, and ended child labor  After striking, railroad owner Jay Gould’s wage cut, membership jumped to 700,000  Strikes would become violent and unsuccessful and supported dropped off.  By the 1890s the Knights of Labor dismantled

63. Labor Unions  The American Federation of Labor  Formed in 1886 by Samuel Goompers  Unlike the Knights of Labor, the AFL was a Craft Union – a union for laborers devoted to a specific craft  Focused on workers’ wages, hours, and working conditions  Relied on economic pressures and not political like the Knights  Used many strikes and boycotts  Forced employers to participate in collective bargaining – a process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers  Groups had more power than a single worker  Created a “closed shop” – a workplace in which only union members could be hired  The Wobbies  Opposed policies of the AFL  During WWI many leaders were convicted of promoting stikes in war related industries

64. Reaction of Employers  Unions were disliked by many employers and business  Took steps and measures to stop unions  Forbidding union meetings  Firing Union organizers  “Yellow dog” contracts – workers promise to never join a union or strike  Refusal of collective bargaining when strikes did occur  Refusal to recognize unions as their workers legitimate representatives

65. Strikes  Great Railroad Strike of 1877 – over a second wage cut in 8 months  Haymarket Riot of 1866 – strikes began over an 8 hour work day  Scabs were called in replace the workers on strike  A negative term for a worker called in to replace striking workers  Anarchist joined the strike in Chicago’s Haymarket Square  Radical people who oppose all things government  They threw a bomb and a riot began  Beginning of the idea that unions always bring riots and violence  Homestead Strike of 1892  Takes place at Andrew Carnegie’s plant in Homestead, PA.  Henry Frick, Carnegie’s partner, tried to cut workers’ wages. Union called for a strike  Frick called in pinkertons, police for hire know for their ability to end strikes  The strike lasted from July – November when the union admitted defeat

66. Pullman Strike of 1894  George Pullman invented the luxury sleeping car for trains  Developed a town south of Chicago for his workers to live and build his new rail car  The town had everything his workers would need  Pullman was like the mayor and controlled everything  Panic of 1893 caused Pullman to cut workers and wages by 25% but kept prices in town the same  Workers began protesting, Pullman fired 3, local union went on strike  Instead of bargaining he shut down the factory  Workers looked to the American Railway Union for extra support  Called for a boycott of all Pullman cars, by June of 1894 ~260k workers were involved in the strike

67. Result of the Pullman Strike  Federal gov’t got involved because it was stopping mail for being delivered and was stopping free trade  President Grover Cleveland sent in 2,500 troops to ensure the workers followed the court order to return to work some mail could be delivered  The strike ended on July 11, 1894  Federal gov’t and courts would become involved in more strikes  The gov’t helped limit union gains for 30 years

68. Bell ringer  Why did the American work force grow in the late 1800s  How did piecework change the nature of factory work?  What were the effects of Taylor’s scientific management studies and the division of labor on workers  Why did children work?  Why did socialism appeal to some Americans in the late 1800s?  Why did the railroad strike in 1877 prompt Eugene v. Debs to create an industrial union?  How successful were labor unions at the end of the century?

69. “New Immigration” & Urbanization

71. Ellis Island was the primary receiving port for _________ immigrants. Asian immigrants were primarily processed at ______ Island in the San Francisco Bay. European Angel

72. Working & Living Conditions

74. The Thirteenth Amendment ended 1.slavery 2.Black codes 3.the Civil War 4.Jim Crow Laws 10

75. The court case that established the "separate but equal" doctrine was 1.Marbury vs. Madison. 2.Dred Scott vs. Sanford. 3.Miranda vs. Arizona. 4.Plessy vs. Ferguson. 10

76. This labor union (created by Samuel Gompers) was open only to skilled, white male workers 1.American Federation of Labor. 2.Knights of Labor. 3.Wobblies. 4.National Workers Association. 10

77. Poor, run-down urban apartments were also called: 1.slums 2.tenements 3.suburbs 4.skyscrapers 10

78. Outlawing the Indian Sun (Ghost) Dance in 1890 resulted in the 1.Battle of Little Big Horn 2.Battle of Potowanamie Creek 3.Massacre at Sand Creek. 4.Battle of Wounded Knee. 10

79. The two factors that did most to encourage western settlement after the Civil War were 1.the gold rush & cattle economy 2.the Homestead Act & the railroad 3.removal of the buffalo & Native Americans from the plains 4.the removal of the Indians & the gold rush 10

80. Which best explains why Standard Oil was so successful 1.interlocking directorate 2.buying stocks “on the margin” 3.labor unions 4.horizontal integration 10

81. Which population trend occurred in the U.S. from 1860 to 1920? 1.fewer Eastern & Southern European immigrants coming to America 2.the growth of the suburbs 3.people moved from the North to the South 4.growth in American cities 10

82. The size and power of John D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil Company caused which of the following? 1.The government created anti-trust laws. 2.The public accepted the benefits of monopolies. 3.Many other businessmen entered the oil business. 4.Many wealthy people chose to give away millions of dollars. 0 5 10

83. Which of the following contributed MOST to the forced removal of Native Americans from the Great Plains from 1867 to 1890? 1.the desire to establish military posts 2.the building of new canals 3.the westward shift of the frontier 4.the desire for more land to grow cotton 0 5 10