1. © 2013 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 7 Muscular System

2. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Functions of Muscular System 3 major responsibilities Body heat to maintain body temperature Body movement Body form and shape to maintain posture

3. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Muscles Skeletal muscle- aka voluntary muscles –Under conscious control (attached to the bones of the skeleton) –Called striped or striated because under microscope show cross bands –Contains nerves and is under voluntary control (blinking, breathing) Smooth muscle- aka visceral (involuntary) –Not under conscious control (unattached to bones) move slowly –Small and spindle shaped –Do not tire easily (in walls of internal organs, like stomach to push food along) Cardiac muscle- (involuntary) –In the heart only

4. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 4 Common Characteristics of Muscles Contractibility-(muscle to shorten)causes bone to move Excitability or irritability-produces electric signals (impulses, muscles & nerves to respond) Extensibility-causes to stretch (bending arm) Elasticity-ability to return to original length when relaxing

5. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscle Attachments and Functions Over 650 muscles in the body Muscles must be attached to bones for leverage(to have something to pull against) Muscles only pull, never push Attached to bone by tendons

6. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscle Attachments and Functions Muscles are attached at both ends Attachments may be to bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin, or to each other Origin (attached to a bone, moves least during muscle contraction) and insertion (other end attached to a movable part, moves the most) Prime mover (single direction) and antagonist (pulls from opposite direction) Synergists (helps to steady movement/stabilize joint activity)

7. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Sources of Energy and Heat Narrow range of normal body temperature 98.6° F to 99.8° F ATP (adenosine triphosphate) MAJOR SOURCE OF ENERGY –Need oxygen, glucose, and other materials to make ATP –When muscles do their work they also produce heat that our bodies need and release ATP –ATP found in muscle cell

8. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Contraction of Skeletal Muscles Myoneural stimulation Contraction of muscle proteins A muscle cell, when stimulated properly, contracts all the way. This is known as the ALL or NONE LAW.

9. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Effects of Aging Muscle atrophy (wasting away) Fibrous tissue replaces the muscle tissue Decrease in muscular strength and endurance (Decreased ROM) Loss of energy storage –Fatigue

10. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscle Fatigue Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles (over exercising) When not enough oxygen can be transported to oxidize all the glucose … –Muscles contract anaerobically (without oxygen) Excess lactic acid causes fatigue and cramps Need to repay oxygen debt (respirations resume a normal rate)

11. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscle Tone Muscle tone –Muscles are always slightly contracted and ready to pull Proper nutrition and regular exercise Isotonic-muscles contract & shorten (walk, talk) Isometric-tension in muscle increase but muscle do not shorten (exercise) Atrophy- no exercise (muscles become weak) and hypertrophy-over exercise (muscles become enlarged) NOW ENJOY A SHORT VIDEO

12. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Principle Skeletal Muscles Skeletal or voluntary muscles –Move the skeleton Also control movement of the eyeballs, eyelids, lips, tongue, and skin

13. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Naming of Skeletal Muscles Location Size Direction Number of origins Location of origin and insertion Not all muscles are named by this method

14. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles 656 muscles FYI……Only need 17 muscles to smile, but 43 muscle to frown  …..and every 2000 frowns create a wrinkle Agonist and antagonist act in opposite directions. Agonist works when the muscles relax and antagonist works when muscles contract. Agonists can be called as ‘prime movers’ as these very much responsible for producing specific movements.327 antagonistic muscles and two unpaired muscles Agonist and antagonist act in opposite directions. Agonist works when the muscles relax and antagonist works when muscles contract. Agonists can be called as ‘prime movers’ as these very much responsible for producing specific movements.much muscles in the lips that encircles the mouth –Orbicularis oris ( muscles in the lips that encircles the mouth ) –Diaphragm

15. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles Head muscles Neck muscles Trunk and extremity muscles

16. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Head and Neck Control expressions Mastication ( primarily responsible for the chewing action ) Movement of the head

17. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles of the Head and Neck © 2014 Cengage Learning.

18. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles Muscles of the upper extremities –Shoulder, arm, and hand movements Muscles of the trunk –Breathing and movement of the abdomen and pelvis Muscles of the lower extremities –Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes

19. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exercise Alters the size, structure, and strength of a muscle Atrophy Hypertrophy Scar formation from injury

20. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exercise Improved coordination Improved respiratory and circulatory system Elimination or reduction of excess fat Improved joint movement

21. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Exercise Increase in muscle size Improved antagonistic muscle coordination Improved functioning in the cortical brain region, where the nerve impulses that start muscular contraction originate

22. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles QUIZ Name the body parts the following muscles use or move: 1.Muscles of the upper extremities_________________________ 2.Muscles of the trunk______________________________ 3.Muscles of the lower extremities_________________________

23. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles © 2014 Cengage Learning.

24. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles © 2014 Cengage Learning.

25. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Muscles © 2014 Cengage Learning.

26. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

27. Massage Muscles Potential health benefits Terms used in massage therapy to describe type of massage Location of surface body muscles Physiotherapy and general massage

28. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Electrical Stimulation Passing electrical currents through the skin into the body for therapeutic uses Stimulate nerve tissue Do not produce heat or cold Used in physical therapy

29. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Intramuscular Injections Deltoid (upper arm) Vastus lateralis (anterior thigh) Dorsal gluteal or ventral gluteal (buttocks)

30. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

32. QUIZ Name the Injection Site…

33. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Musculoskeletal Disorders Muscle atrophy Muscle strain Muscle spasm Myalgia ( muscle pain) Dystonia (involuntary muscle contractions that cause slow repetitive movements or abnormal postures) Hernia

34. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Musculoskeletal Disorders Flatfeet (talipes) Tetanus (lockjaw) Torticollis (wry neck) asymmetrical head or neck position Muscular dystrophy Myastenia gravis Heel spur Plantar fasciitis

35. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Recreational Injuries Tennis elbow Shin splints Rotator cuff injury

36. © 2014 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Treatment Short-term treatment for sprains, tears, pulls, and other minor muscle or joint injuries RICE –R=Rest –I=Ice –C=Compression –E=Elevation