1. Chapter 6

2. Which of the following statements about Benedict Arnold is not true? A) he led an ill-fated American invasion of Canada in 1776 B) he played an important role in the victory over the British at Saratoga C) he sought and obtained command of West Point in a plan to turn it over to the British D) though fellow-conspirator John André was captured and hanged as a spy, Arnold narrowly escaped capture by General Washington's troops E) following his switch to the British side, he was denied his request for a command in the British army

3. Beginnings of War British Advantages Outnumber Americans Superior Army/ Navy British Disadvantages Resources strained Navy overextended Mixed support for war Colonial Advantages Mobilized war effort effectively Larger army Colonial Disadvantages 1/5 loyalist Lacked training Needed to attract foreign recognition/capital No discipline

5. Strategy and Battles British Strategy Put down rebellion Restore monarchy Divide and conquer Colonial Strategy Prolong war until Britain’s taxpayers lose patience Repulse invading army Battles NYC 1777 Gen. Howe arrives 32,000 troops British home base Trenton 1777/78 Colonial retreat GW Christmas miracle Consequences: Inspires re-enlistment Wedge between NJ loyalists and British Forces British soldiers out of NJ Saratoga 1777 British plan to capture NY Capture Ticonderoga Jane McCrea Horatio Gates- Colonial Victory Turning Point: France joins war First World War by 1780

6. General Washington at Trenton, 1776 Which was not an important military problem for the British forces during the Revolutionary War? A) the enormous size of America B) great distance for the transport of troops and supplies C) poorly disciplined and inadequately trained troops D) American determination and commitment E) guerrilla tactics used by colonial troops

7. Battles Philly 1778 18,000 British troops land Defeat Washington/Lafayette Valley Forge retreat Valley Forge 1778 Harsh winter/conditions Von Stueben arrives Battle of Monmouth Ends contest for North West Didn’t impact war but future issues with Native American South 1780-1781 Charlestown, SC Benedict Arnold British capture Lack of loyalty Indian attacks slaves Camden, Cowpens, Kings Mt. Devastating defeats to Gates Nathaniel Green takes over Guerilla warfare, harass British Arnold’s treachery Yorktown French arrive Cornwallis trapped Clinton’s blunder Washington/Greene victory British no longer support war Surrender: October 19, 1781

11. Treaty of Paris Britain would recognize the existence of the United States as an independent nation The Mississippi River would be the Western boundary of the nation Americans would have fishing rights off the coast of Canada Americans would pay debts owed to British merchants and honor Loyalist property claims

12. Social Change Men No titles of nobility No primogeniture Class tension eroding Virtue and sacrifice defined a citizen’s worth more than position Black Americans Contradiction Opportunities during war Opposition to Slavery growing abolishing the importation of slaves, end in Northern slavery Free Blacks Second class citizens Difficult employment Some success Women in Wartime Naturally dependent Participated in revolution camp followers Managed homes Some fought Mary McCauley (Molly Pitcher) and Deborah Sampson – undercover women soldiers Native Americans No mention in declaration Land rights uncertain Treaty of Ft. Stanwix (1784) and Ft. McIntosh

13. Organization of New Governments A. State Governments 1. By 1777 state Constitutions had been adopted in 10 of the new states. 2. Common features of state constitutions List of Rights Voting (white, landowning males) Separation of Powers (usually three branches) Office-holding

14. Organization of New Governments B. Articles of Confederation (1776-1777) 1. Ratification – delayed by demands from Maryland and Rhode Island that Virginia and New York give up their western land claims to the federal government 2. Structure of government - - Unicameral (one-house) legislature - one vote per state - unanimous vote to amend the Articles 3. Powers: - Congress could: 1) wage war 2) make treaties 3) send diplomatic representatives and 4) borrow money - Congress could NOT: 1) regulate interstate commerce, 2) collect taxes 3) enforce laws

15. Organization of New Governments Accomplishments of Articles of confederation - Winning the war - Land Ordinance of 1785 (policy for surveying western lands that set aside portions for public education) - Northwest Ordinance of 1787 (rules and procedures for establishing new states in the territory between the Great Lakes and the Ohio River)

17. The Northwest Ordinance may have been the most important achievement of the Articles Period Which of the following is a feature of the 1787 Northwest Ordinance? A) slavery was forbidden in the territory north of the Ohio River B) all state debts were to be assumed by Congress C) a section of land was to be set aside for education D) land was to be divided into townships, six miles on a side E) it authorized the seizure of Indian land by federal land agents without compensation

18. Organization of New Governments Problems: - Financial: unpaid war debts and lack of taxation powers led to the issuance of paper money and massive inflation. - Foreign: A nation that cannot pay its debts has little respect. Spain and Britain threatened a takeover of western lands. - Domestic: Shays’ Rebellion – Daniel Shays (Mass.) leads a farmer’s uprising to protest high taxes, imprisonment for debt, and lack of paper money. Massachusetts state militia broke the rebellion, however the central government had no power to intervene.

19. End of Part I Look ahead: Constitution Homework: Chapter 6 reading / notes