1. The Endocrine System By: Tawny De Guzman

2. What is it? Endocrine system: organ system involved in the coordination of body activities; uses hormones as chemical signals secreted into the bloodstream

3. What does it do? Function: glands secrete hormones carried by the blood stream to target cells throughout the body Gland: a part of blood vessel and organ tissues that are specialized to secrete a substance

4. Homeostasis Homeostasis: the maintenance of balance of an organism’s internal environment The endocrine system: regulates metabolism, maintains salt, water, and nutrient levels in blood, controls responses to stress, and regulates growth, development, and reproduction

5. The Endocrine System’s Glands Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland, Pituitary Gland, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Thymus, Adrenal, Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes

6. Hormones Hormones: chemical messengers produced in one part of the body that control the activity of other parts Only certain cells (target cells) can respond to certain hormones; the hormone and receptor proteins bind together as a key fits in a lock

7. Types of Hormones Pheromones: chemical signals that influence the behavior of other individuals Peptide hormone: type of hormone that is a protein, a peptide, or derived from an amino acid Steroid hormone: hormones with the same complex of 4 carbon rings derived from cholesterol

8. Peptide Hormones in the Plasma Membrane 1.Peptide hormone binds to a receptor protein on the plasma membrane 2.This activates the change from ATP to cAMP (cyclic adenosine monophosphate) 3.cAMP (second messenger) activates enzyme cascade 4.Glycogen breaks down to glucose, which enters bloodstream

9. Steroid Hormones in the Plasma Membrane 1.Steroid hormone diffuses through plasma membrane 2.Hormone binds to receptor within nucleus 3.Hormone-receptor complex activates gene and synthesis of mRNA 4.mRNA moves to ribosomes, protein synthesis occurs

10. Pineal gland: releases melatonin Hypothalamus: controls pituitary hormones Pituitary gland: produces growth hormones, Prolactin, Adrenocorticotropic, thyroid- stimulating hormones, luteinizing hormones, and follicle- stimulating hormones Thyroid gland: secretes metabolism-controlling hormones Parathyroid glands: secrete PTH, which releases calcium into bloodstream

11. Adrenal glands: produce estrogen, progesterone, cortisol, & cortisone for blood-sugar control Pancreas: secrete insulin & glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels Testes: produce testosterone to maintain libido, muscle strength, & bone density Ovaries: secrete estrogen & progesterone to maintain the health of the female reproductive system

12. Negative Feedback Mechanisms Blood pressure falls sensory receptors signal the brain’s control center nerve impulses sent to restrict arterial walls blood pressure rises

13. Negative Feedback Mechanisms Blood glucose level rises pancreas releases insulin promotes glucose uptake by liver, muscles, and other cells

14. Hypothyroidism Lack of thyroid hormone, which controls metabolism About 10 million Americans have Hypothyroidism; 1/4000 newborns Some causes: autoimmune thyroiditis, surgical removal of thyroid, radioactive iodine therapy Symptoms: fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, coarse hair, cold intolerance, dry, rough, and pale skin, muscle achiness Treatment: daily dose of LT4 (levothyroxine)

15. Works Cited “Endocrine Glands and Types of Hormones.” Hormone.org. Endocrine Society. 2016. Web. 28 May 2016. http://www.hormone.org/hormones-and-health/endocrine-glands- and-types-of-hormones “Hypothalamus.” Healthline. Healthline Media. 2016. Web. 28 May 2016. http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/hypothalamus Mader, Sylvia S. Biology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Print. Norman, James. “Hypothyroidism: Too Little Thyroid Hormone.” Endocrineweb. Vertical Health LLC, 11 April 2016. Web. 29 May 2016. http://www.endocrineweb.com/conditions/thyroid/hypothyroidism- too-little-thyroid-hormone

16. Works Cited (cont.) Orlander, Phillip R. “Hypothyroidism Treatment & Management.” Medscape. WebMD LLC. 19 February 2015. Web. 29 May 2016. http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/122393-treatment Sargis, Robert M. “About the Endocrine System.” Endocrineweb. Vertical Health LLC, 18 February 2016. Web. 26 May 2016. http://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/about-endocrine- system Vyas, Jatin M. “Adrenal Gland Hormone Secretion.” MedlinePlus. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 3 May 2016. Web. 29 May 2016. https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/8719.htm