1. Survey of Archaeological Resources Ground, Air and Space

2. Historical Maps

3. Documents

4. Quadrangle Maps

5. Looking Below the Ground Shovel testing, a sample survey method used in regions where rapid soil buildup obscures buried archaeological remains: it entails digging shallow, systematic pits across the survey unit.

7. Magnetometry

9. Ground Penetrating Radar

10. Multispectral Satellite Maps

11. Geographic Information Systems

12. Geographic Information Systems

14. Historic Documents

18. GIS: Plot of Units

19. The Fallacy of the “Typical” Site  Which site do you excavate?  No matter which site you choose, you will miss a great deal; no site is typical of the entire settlement system.  The goal of archaeological survey is to document the range of archaeological remains across a landscape.

20. The Surveyor’s Toolkit  A GPS instrument  A two-way radio  A good but cheap watch  A good compass  A K+E field notebook  Pencils  Ziploc bags  A black Sharpie marker  A trowel (for test pits)  A metric tape measure  Graph paper (for site maps).  A small flashlight

21. SAMPLES Decide on the sample fraction. What portion of the sample population will be included—1 percent of the sites? 5 percent, 10 percent, 50 percent? How do you actually acquire the sample? Ideally, take all the sites in the sample universe, give each one a number, and randomly select a portion and examine those sites.

22. Random sample, a sample drawn from a statistical population such that every member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample. Sample fraction, the percentage of the sample universe that is surveyed. Areas with variability in archeological remains require larger sample fractions than do areas of low variability.

23. Sample units, survey units of a standard size and shape, determined by the research question and practical considerations, used to obtain the sample. UTM, Universal Transverse Mercator, a grid system in which north and east coordinates provide a location anywhere in the world, precise to one meter.

24. Stratified random sample, a survey universe divided into several sub- universes that are then sampled at potentially different sample fractions.

25. Smithsonian number, a unique catalog number given to sites; it consists of a number (the state’s position alphabetically), a letter abbreviation of the county, and the site’s sequential number within the county. 41WL28 41 – Texas, the 41 th state listed alphabetically WL – Waller County 28- the 28 th site recorded in the county