1. I. The Arms Race Begins A. Sept. 2, 1949 - USSR tested an atomic bomb 1. USA no longer had nuclear advantage B. Both sides began to produce more, and more advanced, weapons 1. different types of nuclear bombs 2. by 1955, the U.S. had 3,057 and the USSR had 200 nuclear warheads 3. mutually assured destruction - if nuclear war did break out, both sides would be destroyed a. both sides hoped that this fact would prevent the other from actually using a nuclear weapon II. President Dwight D. Eisenhower Changes Tactics A. Like Truman, Eisenhower wanted to contain communism --- but he wanted to do it differently B. U.S. began to stockpile nuclear weapons and planes, missiles, and subs to deliver them C. John Foster Dulles - Sec. of State under Eisenhower 1. announced policy of massive retaliation - if communist forces threatened a U.S. ally, U.S. would respond w/overwhelming force -- nuclear 2. brinksmanship - U.S. discouraging enemies by being willing to go to the brink of war

2. III. Changes in the Soviet Union A. Stalin dies in 1953 - Nikita Kruschev new leader of USSR 1. not as cruel as Stalin 2. appearance of being a bit more willing to look for peaceful solutions w/ West IV. Trouble Behind the Iron Curtain A. People in E. European countries resented USSR control B. Poland - 1956 1. Polish workers rioted -- gained greater control of gov't. 2. USSR leaders allowed it to happen because Polish gov't. did not try to leave Warsaw Pact C. Hungary - 1956 1. encouraged by what happened in Poland 2. protestors demanded replacement of officials, USSR troops be withdrawn, noncommunist political parties start 3. Kruschev crushed rebellion a. rebellion's leaders executed, hundreds killed V. Cold War Spreads to the Middle East A. Suez Crisis - Egypt recognized com. China, started talks w/USSR 1. caused Britain, France, Israel to seize control of Suez Canal 2. Eisenhower refused to support Brit., Fr., Israel's actions B. Eisenhower Doctrine - U.S. would use force to help any Mid. East nation threatened by comm. C. CIA - Central Intelligence Agency 1. created in 1947 to gather info. about other nations 2. Covert, secret operations to aid U.S. interests: a. 1953 - helped coup in Iran - installed pro-Am. gov't. b. 1954 - similar mission in Guatemala (Cent. Am.)

3. VI. The Space Race Begins A. October 4, 1957 - Soviets launched first satellite into space, called Sputnik 1. Americans shocked -- first time their technology wasn't superior to USSR B. Congress passed National Defense Education Act 1. spent $1 billion to produce more scientists and science teachers C. Congress created National Aeronautics and Space Administration 1. NASA - organize effort to get Am. into space VII. The Red Scare of the 1940's and 1950's A. Red Scare - fear that communists inside America were out to destroy American life 1. Federal Employee Loyalty Program, 1947 - allowed FBI and other gov't. security agencies to check fed. employees for signs of disloyalty a. also allowed Atty. General to compile list of "subversive" organizations in U.S. B. Congress Hunts Communists 1. House Un-American Activities Committee - investigate possible subversive and communist activities in U.S. 2. 1947 - HUAC investigated the "Hollywood Ten" a. group of ten movie writers suspected of being, or knowing, communists b. many entertainment figures were blacklisted - placed on lists of people not to hire because of suspected ties to communism

4. C. Senator Joseph McCarthy of Wisconsin 1. said that U.S. State Dept. and gov't. was full of communists 2. McCarthy became most powerful senator by making accusations of communism against many people 3. Most of his accusations were false and baseless a. people became intimidated b. McCarthyism - practice of making false, reckless charges 4. 1954 - McCarthy went after the U.S. Army 5. Senate held televised hearings to sort out allegations a. McCarthy was exposed as a bully - lost much power and influence 6. Red Scare began to taper off after McCarthy's downfall VIII. Legitimate Communist Spy Cases A. Alger Hiss - gov't servant who had helped organize the UN 1. accused of being a comm. spy by a former comm. spy named Whitaker Chambers 2. Richard Nixon - representative from Cal., led investigation 3. documents revealed that Hiss was a spy 4. eventually convicted and sentenced to 5 years in prison B. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg - poor married couple from Manhattan 1. accused of giving secret info. about nuclear science to Soviet agents a. plead innocent and claimed they were being persecuted for being Jewish 2. eventually convicted and sentenced to death a. electrocuted in 1953