1. EXPLORER BIOGRAPHIES

2. TREATY OF TORDESILLAS Signed in Spain on June 7, 1494 Divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between Crown of Portugal and Crown of Spain (Castile)

4. JOHN CABOT Born in Genoa, Italy in 1455 Was a merchant and a sailor Thought exploration was adventurous and exciting Believed he could find a northeast passage to Asia English king sponsored him  Neither Spain nor Portugal was interested in sponsoring Cabot Made two voyages in 1497 and 1498 Claimed Newfoundland and Nova Scotia for England  Newfoundland’s coast had profitable fishing grounds Also known as Grand Banks Lost most records of voyages and little information known about encounters with Native Americans Died in 1499 in England

6. HERNANDO DE SOTO Born in Spain in 1500 Loved adventure and heard stories of cities with gold and silver in North America  Became greedy wanting to find the Seven Cities of Cibola 1531: traveled with Pizarro  Helped conquer the Inca Empire 1533: king Spain sent him to Cuba as governor  Gave him rights to explore and conquer land in southeastern parts of North America 1539: landed in Florida with lots of men and horses  Crossed Appalachian Mountains reaching the Mississippi River  Headed further west into the Ozark Mountains returning back to the Mississippi River without gold and silver  Searched for four more years for riches – found nothing First European led exploration of Mississippi River Killed and burned Native American villages  Brought disease to the Native Americans as well 1542 died of fever without finding cities of gold

8. FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO Born in Spain in 1510 Left home at an early age  Heard of the riches in the Seven Cities of Cibola in the New World and wanted to explore 1535: sailed to Mexico to become one of the Spanish governors  Known as a conquistador 1540-1542: led an expedition to find the fabled cities FIRST European to travel up the Rio Grande  Led expeditions into Texas and Kansas Discovered the Grand Canyon His expeditions gave us geographic information about the New World  Did not create Spanish settlements Mistreated Pueblo Native Americans Never found any gold or silver Died in 1554

10. SIR FRANCES DRAKE Born in England in 1540 Surrounded by ships and sailors  Lived in the old hull of a ship  Apprenticed on a small ship 1570s: began voyages to the New World  Would attack Spanish settlements and destroy ships 1572: crossed Isthmus of Panama  Saw the Pacific Ocean 1577: Queen Elizabeth of England secretly gives him money to continue voyages  Expeditions around South America, capturing Spanish ships  Circumnavigated the world to avoid Spanish revenge, first Englishman to circumnavigate  Queen knighted him Known as a pirate to the Spanish “El Drake” Known as the greatest navigator and privateer and “Mistress of the Seas” to the English Did not want to convert the natives 1596: died aboard ship, final voyage against Spanish

12. HENRY HUDSON Born in England in 1565 Possible grandson of an Englishman who founded Muscovy Company 1607: made two voyages landing in Greenland and Svalbard Islands 1609: hired by Dutch East India Company to find Northeast Passage 1610: wealthy Englishmen sponsored expedition to find Northeast Passage to Asia Discovered: Hudson Strait, Hudson Bay and Hudson River Explored Arctic Ocean and northeastern North America Sailed for England and Holland Saw icebergs, whales, dolphins and walruses Had some encounters with Inuit (Eskimo) Encountered Natives in Manhattan  Some were hostile, Drake killed them 1611: he died, his crew mutinied him and set him on a small boat

14. FERDINAND MAGELLAN Born in 1480 in Portugal Was interested in finding western water route to Spice Islands 1518: sponsored by Spanish king 1519: sailed with five ships and almost 300 men  Lost 2 ships to weather and desertion  Voyage was horrible  Ended up with ONE ship and 18 men 1520: landed in Philippine Islands  Made friends with Philippine native chief Waters around the tip of South America “Straits of Magellan” Convinced the Spanish king Spice Islands would be in “Spanish” half of the world  Treaty of Tordesillas 1521: died from an enemy of Philippine chief Magellan’s crew was the first to circumnavigate the world

16. JUAN PONCE DE LEON Born in 1460 in Spain Loved adventure and excitement Fought with the Spanish against the Muslims  Taught himself to be a soldier Heard of gold in the New World  Joined Columbus on his second voyage 1511: conquered island of Puerto Rico for Spain  Becoming governor  Removed as governor because he treats natives poorly 1513: searched for the “Fountain of Youth”  Heard stories from natives, water giving eternal life  Claims Florida for Spain Names it “Pascua de Florida” feast of flowers 1514: returns to Spain to be Captain General 1521: visits Florida again, wounded in battle  Dies in Cuba of battle wounds, buried in Puerto Rico

18. VASCO DE BALBOA Born in 1475 in Spain Heard stories of sailors and adventures  Worked for a merchant family in a seaport town, very poor 1501: joined Spanish exploration to South America, went to the island of Hispaniola  Failed and became a pig farmer 1510: started the city of Darien in northwest part of South America First European to see the Pacific Ocean  Named ocean “Mar del Sur” Spanish for South Sea Found gold and pearls Began Spanish settlements in South America Fought and killed natives 1518: accused of being a traitor 1519: beheaded with four friends

20. HERNANDO CORTES Born in 1485 in Spain Wanted to become a famous explorer 1511: sailed with another Spanish explorer to Cuba  Became a rich judge because he had an education 1518: sent to Mexico with Spaniards to seek riches and conquer Aztecs  Conquistador  Brutally conquered natives and their emperor  Burned Native Americans alive to show Montezuma his power  Trick and killed Montezuma 1521-1523: established Spanish claims in Mexico  Acquired much gold and silver for Spain and himself 1547: died in Spain

22. AMERIGO VESPUCCI Born in 1451 in Italy Loved studying stars, copying maps, geography Spain sponsored him in 1499 and 1503  Explored northern and southeastern coast of America, saw Falkland Islands Portugal sponsored him in 1501  Explored tip of Brazil into Argentina Figured out Earth’s size within 50 miles New continents name after him  Because of a German mapmakers reproductions of Vespucci’s findings 1508: died of malaria

24. GIOVANNI DA VERRAZANO Born in 1485 in Italy Wealthy family – got a good education  Became a sailor and navigator Sponsored by French king through wealthy merchants and bankers  1524: left Spain and sailed along N.Carolina to Newfoundland  1528: sailed again across Atlantic to island of Guadeloupe Traded with friendly and unfriendly natives  1528: encountered cannibals (Caribs) in Guadeloupe and they killed him

26. JACQUES CARTIER Born in 1491 in France Not much known about his early life  Encouraged by Verrazano Ordered by king of France  Find: gold, riches and Northwest Passage to China 1534-1541 sailed to St. Lawrence River area 3x (giving detailed information of St. Lawrence, first European to map and attempt to establish a permenant settlement in St. Lawrence)  Traveled to Newfoundland, Labrador, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Quebec, Montreal  Second voyage: focused more on Quebec  Third voyage: unsuccessfully tried to establish permanent settlement Traded with Micmac natives Met Iroquois friendly at first but Cartier kidnapped his sons to prove to the French the stories of gold 1557: died thinking St. Lawrence River led to China

28. FRANCISCO PIZARRO Born in 1470 in Spain Father was a soldier  Found adventure and the New world exciting 1509: joined Spanish explorers to Central America 1513: joined Balboa’s expedition across Isthmus of Panama to Pacific Ocean  Heard stories of the Inca Empire in Peru 1514-1526: led Spanish expeditions into Central America  Looking for Incas – failed! 1528: returned to Spain to get more support from the king 1530: returned to Panama and set out with De Soto 1532: reached Canzmarca where the Inca leader lived  Captured leader (Atahualpa) kept him captive, received thousand pounds of gold and silver as ransom then killed Atahualpa and his men Founded city of Lima, Peru  Called it Ciudad de los Reyes – Spanish for City of Kings Very greedy and ruthless conquistador  Discovered and conquered Incas which helped make Spain the most rich and powerful nation at this time 1541: killed by fellow Spanish explorer because of greed

30. SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW! HENRY HUDSON HENRY HUDSON JOHN CABOT JOHN CABOT FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO AMERIGO VESPUCCI AMERIGO VESPUCCI HERNANDO DE SOTO HERNANDO DE SOTO JUAN PONCE DE LEON JUAN PONCE DE LEON JACQUES CARTIER JACQUES CARTIER HERNANDO CORTES HERNANDO CORTES FRANCISCO PIZARRO FRANCISCO PIZARRO VASCO DE BALBOA VASCO DE BALBOA GIOVANNI DA VERRAZANO GIOVANNI DA VERRAZANO FERDINAND MAGELLAN FERDINAND MAGELLAN SIR FRANCIS DRAKE SIR FRANCIS DRAKE 1501 1501 1519 1519 1497 1497 1513 1513 1519 1519 1531 1531 1524 1524 1539 1539 1534 1534 1540 1540 1577 1577 1607 1607

31. SHOW WHAT YOU KNOW! HENRY HUDSON HENRY HUDSON JOHN CABOT JOHN CABOT FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO FRANCISCO VASQUEZ DE CORONADO AMERIGO VESPUCCI AMERIGO VESPUCCI HERNANDO DE SOTO HERNANDO DE SOTO JUAN PONCE DE LEON JUAN PONCE DE LEON JACQUES CARTIER JACQUES CARTIER HERNANDO CORTES HERNANDO CORTES FRANCISCO PIZARRO FRANCISCO PIZARRO VASCO DE BALBOA VASCO DE BALBOA GIOVANNI DA VERRAZANO GIOVANNI DA VERRAZANO FERDINAND MAGELLAN FERDINAND MAGELLAN SIR FRANCIS DRAKE SIR FRANCIS DRAKE ENGLISH ENGLISH ENGLISH/DUTCH ENGLISH/DUTCH PORTUGAL PORTUGAL FRENCH FRENCH SPANISH SPANISH FRENCH FRENCH