1. The Haitian Revolution (1792-1804) Coffee Talk: The Haitian Revolution was a. a slave revolt b. an independence movement c. an Enlightened revolution d. all of the above … discuss amongst yourselves…

2. Calls for Liberty Dutty Boukman “[I am Boukman Dutty, former slave and voodoo priest.] God who made the sun that shines on us from above, who makes the sea to rage and the thunder roll, this same great God from his hiding place on a cloud, hear me, all of you, is looking down upon us. He sees what the whites are doing. The God of the whites asks for crime; ours desires only blessings. But this God who is good directs you to vengeance! He will direct our arms, he will help us. Cast aside the image of the God of the whites who thirsts for our tears and pay heed to the voice of liberty speaking in our hearts….” Toussaint L’Ouverture “Brothers and friends. I am Toussaint L’Ouverture, my name is perhaps known to you. I have undertaken vengeance. I want Liberty and Equality to reign in San Domingo. I work to bring them into existence. Unite yourselves to us, brothers, and fight with us for the same cause… Your very humble and very obedient servant…. TOUSSAINT L’OUVERTURE, General of the Armies of the King, for the Public Good (1793)”

3. Breaking it down Economic Sugar SlaveryRaceClass Ideological Enlightenment Social Causes for Revolution

4. The Center of the “Triangle Trade” The Envy of Europe, The Treasure of The French Empire

5. A colony of peace and profit?

6. Exhibited: "Revolution! The Atlantic World Reborn" at the New York Historical Society, New York, N.Y., 2011-2012. Print shows George III sitting at a table with the Queen and two of his daughters, and the Queen's Keeper of the Robes, Juliana Elizabeth Schwellenbergen holding a bottle of "Brandy", discussing the use of sugar in moderation. Princess Elizabeth states that "of late I have been very moderate. But I must have a bit now & then"; while her sister would "rather want alltogether [sic] than have a small Piece". The title is a play on the words "of" and "off"; the "abolition" of "the slave trade or leaving" off "sugar by degrees."

7. Satirical cartoon called Barbarities in the West Indies, by James Gillray. The cartoon refers to the treatment of a sick slave. [James Gillray (1792)] As a representation of one of the many “numerous other acts of cruelty daily practiced” the “English Negro driver” shown here has thrown his sick slave into a vat of boiling sugar juice where he was kept for nearly an hour while he whipped him. The cartoon claims it took 6 months for the slave to heal from his wounds and burns. “Bet your black eyes! What you can’t work because you are not well?... I will give you a warm bath to cure you… and a Curry-combing afterwards to put spunk into you”

8. Whites (3.5%) “Grande Blancs” plantation class “Petite Blancs” working class Freed People of Color (7.5%) “gens de couleur libres” (2.5%) -freed métis (of mixed race, usually born of French men and slave women) -distinguished from black freedmen and those mulattos who had remained slaves -limited in freedoms and did not possess the same rights as white Frenchmen -pro-slavery “affranchis” (freed slaves)(5%) -black freedmen -purchased freedom or were set free by masters Slaves (89%) domestic slaves -relatively well-treated, as they were considered essential, private workers of the grande blancs -given freedom of movement and responsibilities related to domestic tasks field hands -worked on the sugar plantations -treated the worst -domestic slaves considered them inferior Marrons -runaway slaves who established small communities in the mountains, along with remnants of Haiti's original Taino people. Socio-economic class structure defined by race, birth and property

9. After Declaration of Rights of Man and of the Citizen wanted full citizenship -included métis and ancien libres (freed blacks before the revolution) PROPERTY wanted access to/protection of property including slaves POSITION wanted to be considered racial and social equals to whites POWER wanted equal rights and involvement in the government There already was a history of slave revolts, but it was not organized until there was leadership  Toussaint L’Ouverture. SUPPORT FROM BLACK MIDDLE CLASS AND SLAVES Former slave, educated freedman who hated slavery. LEADERSHIP and FOCUS Inspired by American and French Revolutions, and rebelled against the planters. By 1792, they controlled a third of the island. UNABLE TO KEEP VIOLENCE IN CHECK Violence and brutality was incredible on both sides. [ 1/5 th of blacks killed; ½ of whites killed] *Expanded revolution by conquering Santo Domingo and abolishing slavery there. Catalyst for change  French Revolution Each class had their own political agenda After 1789, colonial whites against French Revolution wanted independence ECONOMIC INDEPENDENCE France imposed steep tariffs on imports and planters were extremely unhappy that they were forbidden to trade with any other nation. POLITICAL POWER White population did not have any representation in France. PROTECTION OF PROPERTY AND RACIAL/SOCIAL STATUS QUO both the planters and petit blancs remained committed to the institution of slavery. whites freed people of color slaves

10. French civil servants allied with Toussaint, freeing slaves & deporting white radicals To forge an alliance with rebels against foreign invaders, French Nat’l Assembly abolished slavery 1794 Toussaint defeated British and negotiated British troops out of colony in 1797, sealing Haiti’s forst act as an autonomous colony of France Toussaint becomes Governor General of Saint-Domingue 1797-1802 – controlled all of Hispaniola by 1801 – drafted the 1801 Constitution – abolished slavery throughout island – BUT forces slaves to stay on plantations to work – AND never declares independent from France

11. In 1802, Napoleon tried to reestablish slavery in Saint-Domingue – Sends Le Clerc, Brother-in-Law – Dessalines betrays Toussaint In 1804, Toussaint captured  dies in French Alps In 1806, Dessalines assassinated 2 years after becomes leader In 1826, France officially recognizes Haiti’s independence, as long as pay indemnities. Haiti during 19 th century: – Reformed agricultural policies – Limited land redistribution – Huge international debt – Development of national identity – Equality before the law – BUT political instability and socio-economic tensions