1. Foundations of Government and Citizenship Chapter 1 Section 1 Principles of Government

2. Objectives: * Define government and the basic powers every government holds. * Describe the four defining characteristics of a state. * Identify the four theories that attempts to explain the origin of the state. * Understand the purpose of government in the United States and other countries.

3. Principles of Government GOVERNMENT – WE THE PEOPLE What would your life be like without Government? – Who would protect you, and all the rest of the people against terrorism, and other threats. – Who would pay for education, guard the public health, protect the environment, regulate traffic, punish criminals, to respond to fires and other human-made and natural disasters? – Who would do the other things that need to be taken care of?

4. Principles of Government

5. The need for Government- Government does all of these things and much more Government – is the institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies. Government is made up of those people who exercise its powers, all those who have authority and control over people. The public policies of a government are all of those things a government decides to do. - Taxation, defense, education, crime, and healthcare.

6. Principles of Government Government must have power in order to make and carry out public policies. Each government has three basic powers – Legislative Power – the power to make laws and to frame public policies. – Executive Power – the power to execute, enforce, and to administer laws. – Judicial Power – the power to interpret laws, to determine their meaning, and to settle disputes that arise within the society. The Constitution will outline the powers of the government.

7. Principles of Government Types of Government Dictatorship – a form of government where the power is held by a single person or by a small group of people.

8. Principles of Government Democracy – A form of government where the responsibility of the will of the people rests with a majority of people

9. Principles of Government Government as Human Invention Government is among the oldest of all human inventions. Its origins are lost in the mists of time. Government clearly first appeared when human beings realized that they could not survive without some ways to regulate their own actions as well as those of their neighbors. First evidence of government goes back to ancient Egypt around 2,300 years ago. Greek philosopher Aristotle observed that “man is by nature a political animal”.

10. Principles of Government What does “political” mean??? What is politics???? – Politics is a process and government is an institution. – Politics is a process by which society decides how power and resources will be distributed within that society.

11. Principles of Government The State The state has developed from major political ideas in history. State can be defined as a body of people living in a defined territory, organized politically (that is with a government), and with the power to make and enforce laws without the consent of any higher authority.

12. Principles of Government We have more than 200 states in our world today. – They vary in size, military power, natural resources, and economic importance. – Each of them possess all four of the characteristics of a state. – A state is a legal entity – A state is often called a “nation” or a “country”. – A” Nation” is also referred to as an ethnic term referring to races or other large groups of people. – A “Country” is a geographic term referring to a particular place, region, or area of land.

13. Principles of Government Population – A state must have people or a population. – Size of the state does not matter. – San Marino (bound on all sides by Italy) is the smallest state in the world today – Population of 30,000 – China is the largest state in the world today – Population of 1.3 billion – People who make up a state may not be a homogeneous group. – Homogeneous means the members share customs, a common language, and ethnic background.

14. Principles of Government Territory – A state cannot exist without people, so it must have land – territory – with known and recognized boundaries. – World’s Smallest state by size is San Marino – 24 square miles. – The U.S. recognizes the Vatican City (surrounded by the city of Rome). Vatican City has a total area of 109 acres and a permanent population of 900. – World’s Largest state by size is Russia – 6.6 million square miles. – U.S.A. size is 3.8 million square miles.

15. Principles of Government Sovereignty – Every state is Sovereign – it has the supreme and absolute power within its own territory and can decide its own foreign and domestic policies. – Each state can decide their own government, economic structure, and etc. – The states in the U.S.A. are not sovereign in the international legal sense. – Each state is subordinate to the Constitution of the U.S.A.

16. Principles of Government Government – Every state is politically organized. – Every state has a government (they make and enforce their laws). – Thomas Hobbs (English Philosopher) called “the war of every man against every man.” – Hobbs said without government, there would be “continual fear and danger of violent death and the life of a man would be poor, nasty, brutal, and short.

17. Principles of Government How States Arose No one is sure or has any support or evidence of the origin of the state. There are four theories that are widely accepted as explanations for the origin of the state. – The Force Theory The state will use force (one person or small group who claims control of the territory) to make all people submit to their will. That group or individual control the whole state and decides all laws and etc

18. Principles of Government – The Evolutionary Theory Others claim that the state developed naturally out of the early family. They hold that the primitive family (one person was the head of the family) was the head of government (Father) thus the government started. Over centuries the family became a network of related families (a clan) and then the clan became a tribe. A tribe grew into a an agriculture group and gave up its nomadic way of life. They then tied themselves to the land a state was born

19. Principles of Government – The Divine Right of Kings Theory Much of the Western world accepted this theory. This theory held that God created the state and the God gave royal birth a “divine right” to rule the land. The people were bound to obey the royal leaders. Democracies began when people began to question this theory.

20. Principles of Government – The Social Contract Theory In the American political system, the most significant of the major political theories on the origin of the state is that of a “social contract”. John Locke (England) and Jean Jacques Rousseau (France) developed this theory in the 17 th century. Earliest humans lived in unbridled freedom ( a state of nature in which no government existed and no person was subject to any superior power. People could take land by force, no one protected the people.

21. Principles of Government The weak people could not protect themselves. People give up their personal freedoms to create a state to protect themselves. This was done to promote the safety and well-being of all people in a state. This theory argues that the state rose out of a voluntary act of free people. The state exists ONLY to serve the will of the people.

22. Principles of Government What Government Does Preamble of the Constitution – We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

23. Principles of Government – For A More Perfect Union The US had just won its independence from Great Britain. Articles of Confederation was created as a “league of friendship” among 13 states. This did not work at all Federal Government was too weak to be able to conduct business and provide for the country. Constitution was written in 1787 to link the people more closely together.

24. Principles of Government – Establish Justice Justice is a concept – an idea, an invention of the human mind. Justice means what the people want it to mean. It has come to mean…THE LAW!!! Equal justice to all people is the goal.

25. Principles of Government – Insure Domestic Tranquility Order is essential to the well-being of any society and keeping the peace at home has always been a prime function of government. A state of Anarchy – having no government, law, or order.

26. Principles of Government – Provide for the Common Defense Defending the nation against foreign enemies has always been one of the government’s major responsibilities. The country maintains an Army, Navy, Air Force, Marines, and Coast Guard. The US has become the world’s most powerful military.

27. Principles of Government – Promote the General Welfare The government acts as a servant of its citizens. Public Schools, Quality of the Air you breathe, Protection of the food we consume, and etc.

28. Principles of Government – Secure the Blessings of Liberty Americans are dedicated to freedom for all individuals No one can be free to do as one pleases, that behavior would interfere with the freedoms of others.

29. Principles of Government – Patriotism Both the Federal Constitution and State Constitutions set out many guarantees of rights and liberties of the individual in this country. Patriotism is the love of one’s country: the passion that drives one to serve one’s country either by defending it from invasion or by protecting its rights and maintaining its laws and institutions. Patriotism is defining characteristics of a good citizen.

30. Principles of Government REVIEW: Write a 15 sentence summary over today’s lesson. Write complete sentences and number each sentence. You will only get ½ credit (50) if you do not include the summary with your notes.