1. Marine Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals Chapter 9

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3. 3 Marine Reptiles Reptiles- have the ability to lay eggs on land, and they have scaly skin to prevent water loss. Reptiles- have the ability to lay eggs on land, and they have scaly skin to prevent water loss. Reptiles are ectotherms, so they are more common in temperate and tropical seas. Reptiles are ectotherms, so they are more common in temperate and tropical seas. Reptiles have lungs, so they must surface to breathe. Reptiles have lungs, so they must surface to breathe.

4. 4 Sea Turtles- Order Chelonia Like land turtles- have a protective carapace fused to their backbones. Like land turtles- have a protective carapace fused to their backbones. Unlike land turtles, they cannot retract their heads and limbs into the shell. Unlike land turtles, they cannot retract their heads and limbs into the shell. There are nine species- all are endangered or threatened. There are nine species- all are endangered or threatened. Live primarily in warm waters. Live primarily in warm waters. Must return to land to reproduce. Must return to land to reproduce.

5. 5 Sea Turtles (cont’d) Green sea turtles- live in coastal waters, feed on seaweeds and seagrasses. Green sea turtles- live in coastal waters, feed on seaweeds and seagrasses. Nest every 2-4 years on the same beaches. Nest every 2-4 years on the same beaches. DNA tests show similarities in populations from specific breeding grounds. DNA tests show similarities in populations from specific breeding grounds. Baby sea turtles must cross the beach to get to the sea. Baby sea turtles must cross the beach to get to the sea. Many predators such as crabs, dogs, shorebirds. Many predators such as crabs, dogs, shorebirds. Temperature of nest determines sex of baby sea turtles. Temperature of nest determines sex of baby sea turtles.

6. 6 Adult Sea Turtles

7. 7 Green Sea Turtle

8. 8 Hawksbill turtle

9. 9 Loggerhead sea turtle

10. 10 Baby Sea Turtles are called hatchlings

11. 11 Sea Turtle nest hatching

12. 12 The dangerous trip to the sea!

13. 13 Other marine reptiles Sea Snakes- Order Squamata. Sea Snakes- Order Squamata. They are carnivores and eat small fish and their eggs. They are carnivores and eat small fish and their eggs. Bear live young- they are ovoviviparous, carrying their eggs until hatching. Bear live young- they are ovoviviparous, carrying their eggs until hatching. Live a totally marine existence- have a laterally compressed body for swimming. Live a totally marine existence- have a laterally compressed body for swimming.

14. 14 Yellow Lipped Sea Snake

15. 15 Sea Snake

16. 16 Other Marine Reptiles- cont’d Marine Iguanas- Live only in the Galapagos Islands. Marine Iguanas- Live only in the Galapagos Islands. Lives mostly on the rocky shores of these islands- dives and swims to feed on seaweeds. Lives mostly on the rocky shores of these islands- dives and swims to feed on seaweeds. Saltwater crocodiles- live in estuaries and mangroves in the Indian Ocean, Australia, and the west Pacific. Saltwater crocodiles- live in estuaries and mangroves in the Indian Ocean, Australia, and the west Pacific. Very Aggressive- known to attack humans Very Aggressive- known to attack humans

17. 17 Galapagos marine iguana

18. 18 Galapagos Marine Iguana

19. 19 The White ‘wig’ is made of salt !

20. 20 Seabirds Birds (Class Aves) are homeotherms- they maintain a constant internal temperature. Birds (Class Aves) are homeotherms- they maintain a constant internal temperature. Seabirds are any bird that feeds on marine organisms. Seabirds are any bird that feeds on marine organisms. They must nest on land. They must nest on land. They are only ~3% of all bird species. They are only ~3% of all bird species. They require a LOT of energy!!!! They require a LOT of energy!!!!

21. 21 Penguins Flightless birds with wings modified into ‘flippers’ Flightless birds with wings modified into ‘flippers’ Have a layer of fat for insulation and waterproof feathers. Have a layer of fat for insulation and waterproof feathers. Live only in the southern hemisphere. Live only in the southern hemisphere. Many travel for miles to reach inland breeding grounds. Many travel for miles to reach inland breeding grounds. Only the Galapagos penguin lives at the equator. Only the Galapagos penguin lives at the equator. They hunt in the ocean for fish, krill, and squid. They hunt in the ocean for fish, krill, and squid. Ex.- Emperor’s, Chinstraps, Adelie, Galapagos Ex.- Emperor’s, Chinstraps, Adelie, Galapagos

22. 22 Emperor penguin chicks

23. 23 Adult Emperor Penguins

24. 24 Adelie Penguins

25. 25 Chinstrap Penguins

26. 26 Galapagos Penguins

27. 27 Tubenoses- Albatrosses and Petrels Can spend months or years at sea, only return to land to breed. Can spend months or years at sea, only return to land to breed. Have salt glands on their beaks for excreting excess salt Have salt glands on their beaks for excreting excess salt Albatrosses- have the longest wingspan of any bird- up to 11 ft! Albatrosses- have the longest wingspan of any bird- up to 11 ft! Albatrosses and other tubenoses, mate for life. Albatrosses and other tubenoses, mate for life. Petrels and shearwaters are also in this group Petrels and shearwaters are also in this group

28. 28 Northern Royal albatross, and Wandering albatross with chick.

29. 29 Waved Albatross

30. 30 Shearwaters flock by the thousands for a feeding frenzy

31. 31 Buller’s Shearwater- off the coast of New Zealand

32. 32 Pelicans, Cormorants, and Frigates Pelicans- dive and scoop fish out of the water into a pouch. Pelicans- dive and scoop fish out of the water into a pouch. Once threatened by pesticide use (DDT) Once threatened by pesticide use (DDT) Cormorants- black birds that dive and chase their prey. Cormorants- black birds that dive and chase their prey. They sit low in the water, can sometimes be seen drying their wings on docks They sit low in the water, can sometimes be seen drying their wings on docks Frigates- rarely touch the water, they steal food from other seabirds midflight. Frigates- rarely touch the water, they steal food from other seabirds midflight.

33. 33 Brown Pelicans

34. 34 Frigate birds- male displaying for females

35. 35 Cormorants

36. 36 Gulls and terns Gulls live in all 50 states, the most widely distributed bird in North America. Gulls live in all 50 states, the most widely distributed bird in North America. Gulls are scavengers and predators. Gulls are scavengers and predators. They often will prey upon the nests and young of other birds. They often will prey upon the nests and young of other birds. Terns- Small graceful flyers, they hunt by plunging into the water for small fish. Terns- Small graceful flyers, they hunt by plunging into the water for small fish.

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39. 39 Arctic Terns travel from the Arctic, where they breed, to the Antarctic for feeding during the summer- a yearly migration of over 24,000 miles!

40. 40 Common Tern and chicks

41. 41 Shorebirds Group that includes sandpipers, plovers and all birds that live on the beach or inlets. Group that includes sandpipers, plovers and all birds that live on the beach or inlets. Often live in inland freshwater habitats as well. Often live in inland freshwater habitats as well.

42. 42 American Oystercatcher

43. 43 Least Sandpiper- Monterey Bay, CA

44. 44 Piping Plover- a threatened species

45. 45 Beak shape in birds is related to its food supply and how it hunts

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48. 48 Figure 9.08

49. 49 Marine Mammals Mammals are homeotherms. Mammals are homeotherms. Have hair instead of feathers for insulation. Have hair instead of feathers for insulation. They are viviparous, and nurse their young. They are viviparous, and nurse their young. Have a large brain compared to their body size. Have a large brain compared to their body size. Five groups (orders and suborders) of mammals inhabit the oceans Five groups (orders and suborders) of mammals inhabit the oceans

50. 50 Order Pinnipedia Seals, sea lions, and walruses. Seals, sea lions, and walruses. Closely related to the carnivora (cats, dogs, bears) Closely related to the carnivora (cats, dogs, bears) Predators-Feed on fish and squid. Predators-Feed on fish and squid. Live in cold waters. Have blubber for insulation. Live in cold waters. Have blubber for insulation. Blubber also serves as a food reserve and aids in buoyancy. Blubber also serves as a food reserve and aids in buoyancy.

51. 51 Pinnipeds (cont’d)- Seals Seals- have posterior flippers that cannot turn forward. Seals- have posterior flippers that cannot turn forward. Harbor seals are the most common in the North Atlantic and Pacific. Harbor seals are the most common in the North Atlantic and Pacific. Monk seals are a rare warm water species. Monk seals are a rare warm water species. Elephant seals- can be 4 tons. Elephant seals- can be 4 tons. Seals have been hunted for their meat and oil, but are now protected in the U.S. Seals have been hunted for their meat and oil, but are now protected in the U.S.

52. 52 Figure 9.09b

53. 53 Baby Harp Seals

54. 54 Pinnipeds (cont’d)- sea lions Sea lions have external ears and can move their flippers forward. Sea lions have external ears and can move their flippers forward. They can move more easily on land. They can move more easily on land. California Sea Lion is the most common. California Sea Lion is the most common. Fur seals have been hunted extensively for their thick fur. Fur seals have been hunted extensively for their thick fur. Walruses- feed on clams and other benthic invertebrates. Easily identified by their large tusks Walruses- feed on clams and other benthic invertebrates. Easily identified by their large tusks

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56. 56 Fur Seal

57. 57 California Sea Lion

58. 58 South American Sea Lions

59. 59 Walruses have tusks for defense and anchoring to the ice.

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61. 61 Order Carnivora- Sea Otters The smallest marine mammal. The smallest marine mammal. The only marine mammals that lack a layer of blubber. The only marine mammals that lack a layer of blubber. Insulation by trapping air in the thick fur. Insulation by trapping air in the thick fur. Were at one time almost hunted to extinction. Were at one time almost hunted to extinction. They breed and give birth in the ocean. They breed and give birth in the ocean. They live in kelp forests and are an important part of the kelp forest ecosystem. They live in kelp forests and are an important part of the kelp forest ecosystem.

62. 62 Sea Otters are playful marine mammals.

63. 63 Sea Otters

64. 64 Order Sirenia- manatees Have front flippers but no rear limbs. Have front flippers but no rear limbs. Strict vegetarians- feed on seaweeds and grasses. Strict vegetarians- feed on seaweeds and grasses. Have been hunted to near extinction (the Stellar’s sea cows are extinct) Have been hunted to near extinction (the Stellar’s sea cows are extinct) Seagrass beds threaten their food supply. Seagrass beds threaten their food supply. Often injured by boats, all four species are endangered. Often injured by boats, all four species are endangered.

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66. 66 The Florida Manatee is protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act.

67. 67 Mother and calf- Manatees only produce one calf every three years.

68. 68 Order Cetacea- Whales, dolphins and porpoises Cetaceans have made the greatest transition to marine living. Cetaceans have made the greatest transition to marine living. Their bodies are a streamlined shape- similar to fish. Their bodies are a streamlined shape- similar to fish. Convergent evolution- when different species evolve similar characteristics due to similar lifestyles or environments. Convergent evolution- when different species evolve similar characteristics due to similar lifestyles or environments.

69. 69 Convergent evolution in marine vertebrates

70. 70 Order Cetacea Have front flippers- rear limbs have disappeared. Have front flippers- rear limbs have disappeared. Rear limbs exist only in early embryonic stages. Rear limbs exist only in early embryonic stages. Instead of a caudal fin, cetaceans have a pair of horizontal flukes. Instead of a caudal fin, cetaceans have a pair of horizontal flukes. Have almost no hair, but have blubber for insulation. Have almost no hair, but have blubber for insulation. Nostrils have moved to the top of the head. Nostrils have moved to the top of the head.

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72. 72 Early cetacean embryo

73. 73 Baleen whales- Suborder Mysticeti Toothless whales- have rows of flexible, fibrous plates that hang from upper jaws. Toothless whales- have rows of flexible, fibrous plates that hang from upper jaws. Made from Keratin, and have overlapping hair-like bristles. Made from Keratin, and have overlapping hair-like bristles. Filter feed by taking a large mouthful of H2O and forcing it out through the baleen. Filter feed by taking a large mouthful of H2O and forcing it out through the baleen. The whale then licks the trapped food off the bristles. The whale then licks the trapped food off the bristles.

74. 74 Filtering apparatus in a baleen whale (Suborder Mysticeti)

75. 75 Baleen Whales- Cont’d They are the largest of all whales, and the largest animals ever to live on earth. They are the largest of all whales, and the largest animals ever to live on earth. Blue whales- average 80 ft long, 90-140 tons. (Record is 110ft, and 200 tons!) Blue whales- average 80 ft long, 90-140 tons. (Record is 110ft, and 200 tons!) Rorquals- baleen whales that have an expanding lower throat to feed on schools of krill. Ex- Blue, fin, minke, and humpback whales. Rorquals- baleen whales that have an expanding lower throat to feed on schools of krill. Ex- Blue, fin, minke, and humpback whales.

76. 76 Baleen Whales- Cont’d Right whales and bowhead whales- Have fine bristles that can catch copepods as well as krill. Right whales and bowhead whales- Have fine bristles that can catch copepods as well as krill. Grey whales- bottom feeders, eat squid and amphipods. Grey whales- bottom feeders, eat squid and amphipods.

77. 77 Blue whale- a rorqual

78. 78 Humpback whale

79. 79 Grey whale

80. 80 Minke Whale

81. 81 Right whale

82. 82 Bowhead Whale

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84. 84 Toothed Whales- Suborder Odontoceti Orcas, dolphins, porpoises. Orcas, dolphins, porpoises. Teeth are used for catching prey, not chewing. Teeth are used for catching prey, not chewing. Food is swallowed whole, then ground up in a three chambered stomach. Food is swallowed whole, then ground up in a three chambered stomach. Sperm whale- the largest toothed whale, feed on squid, and are the deepest diving whales. Sperm whale- the largest toothed whale, feed on squid, and are the deepest diving whales.

85. 85 Toothed Whales- cont’d Orcas- killer whales that feed on seals and sea lions. Orcas- killer whales that feed on seals and sea lions. Dolphins and porpoises- smallest of toothed whales. Dolphins and porpoises- smallest of toothed whales. *Porpoises are smaller and have blunt noses. *Porpoises are smaller and have blunt noses. They often travel in groups called pods. They often travel in groups called pods.

86. 86 Orcinus orca

87. 87 Tursiops truncatus

88. 88 Phocoena phocoena- harbor porpoise

89. 89 Harbor porpoise

90. 90 Biology of Marine Mammals Difficult to observe- many do not survive well in captivity. Difficult to observe- many do not survive well in captivity. Swimming- streamlined body- up and down motion of tail and flukes. Swimming- streamlined body- up and down motion of tail and flukes. Fastest speed recorded- 40mph in common dolphins! Fastest speed recorded- 40mph in common dolphins!

91. 91 Common dolphins

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93. 93 Up and down swimming motion of cetaceans

94. 94 Breathing- the trick to cetacean survival Blowhole- on top of the head. Blowhole- on top of the head. Cetaceans breathe very quickly to avoid drawing in water. Cetaceans breathe very quickly to avoid drawing in water. Fin whales can exhale and inhale 3000 times as much air as we can in only 2 seconds!!! Fin whales can exhale and inhale 3000 times as much air as we can in only 2 seconds!!! Condensation of water vapor in the breath and seawater creates a distinctive spout. Condensation of water vapor in the breath and seawater creates a distinctive spout. this plus diving patterns can help identify whales from a distance. this plus diving patterns can help identify whales from a distance.

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96. 96 More on diving Cetaceans have blubber to prevent heat loss. Cetaceans have blubber to prevent heat loss. Mouths exposed to cold - network of blood vessels in the tongue helps prevent heat loss though the mouth. Mouths exposed to cold - network of blood vessels in the tongue helps prevent heat loss though the mouth. Most marine mammals make very long dives. Most marine mammals make very long dives.

97. 97 Dive times Sea otters- 4-5 minutes- not too deep. Sea otters- 4-5 minutes- not too deep. Pinnipeds- usually up to 30 minutes. Pinnipeds- usually up to 30 minutes. Weddell seal- can dive for over 1 hour! Weddell seal- can dive for over 1 hour! Cetaceans- dive for ~ one hour. Cetaceans- dive for ~ one hour. baleen whales- feed on plankton- shallow divers. baleen whales- feed on plankton- shallow divers. toothed whales- dolphin dive up to 990ft, sperm whales up to 7380!!!! toothed whales- dolphin dive up to 990ft, sperm whales up to 7380!!!!

98. 98 How do they do it?- Several crucial adaptations! 90% gas exchange- compared to 20% in humans. 90% gas exchange- compared to 20% in humans. They have more blood than non-diving mammals. They have more blood than non-diving mammals. Blood has a higher concentration of Red blood cells, which have more hemoglobin than land mammals. Blood has a higher concentration of Red blood cells, which have more hemoglobin than land mammals. Muscles have more myoglobin- their muscles can store oxygen. Muscles have more myoglobin- their muscles can store oxygen.

99. 99 Marine mammals can reduce oxygen consumption. They can slow their heart rate when they dive. They can slow their heart rate when they dive. They can reduce blood flow to non- essential parts of the body. They can reduce blood flow to non- essential parts of the body. Nitrogen- their lungs collapse when they dive, which prevents excess nitrogen from dissolving into the blood. (which causes the ‘bends’) Nitrogen- their lungs collapse when they dive, which prevents excess nitrogen from dissolving into the blood. (which causes the ‘bends’)

100. 100 Echolocation- natures sonar Used to find prey and orient themselves in their surroundings. Used to find prey and orient themselves in their surroundings. They emit sounds waves, and interpret the sounds reflected back from objects. They emit sounds waves, and interpret the sounds reflected back from objects. The time for echo return tells them distance. The time for echo return tells them distance. Very precise- dolphins can distinguish between very similar objects. Very precise- dolphins can distinguish between very similar objects.

101. 101 Echolocation (cont’d) Clicks and whistles produced by air sacs in the head. Clicks and whistles produced by air sacs in the head. Melon- fatty structure on the head of toothed whales- believed to be involved with focusing and directing sounds. Melon- fatty structure on the head of toothed whales- believed to be involved with focusing and directing sounds. Echoes are picked up by the lower jaw, transmitted to inner ears and then the brain. Echoes are picked up by the lower jaw, transmitted to inner ears and then the brain.

102. 102 Biology of echolocation

103. 103 The melon gives this beluga whale its rounded forehead.

104. 104 Communication Very prominent in social groups of pinnipeds. Very prominent in social groups of pinnipeds. In cetaceans- very complex sounds indicate mood, mating signals, and can identify a species. In cetaceans- very complex sounds indicate mood, mating signals, and can identify a species. Humpback whales- sing a very distinct song during mating season- can repeat the same song for days. Humpback whales- sing a very distinct song during mating season- can repeat the same song for days.

105. 105 Behaviors Play behavior- many cetaceans play with food or floating objects. Play behavior- many cetaceans play with food or floating objects. Breaching- leaping into the air, and loudly crashing on the surface. Breaching- leaping into the air, and loudly crashing on the surface. Why?- perhaps to attract mates, remove parasites, scan the shoreline. Why?- perhaps to attract mates, remove parasites, scan the shoreline. Spying behavior- lifting their heads out of the water to view the surface. Spying behavior- lifting their heads out of the water to view the surface.

106. 106 Some whales will surround and protect an injured member of their pod.

107. 107 Spying behavior in orcas

108. 108 Pilot Whale “Spying”

109. 109 Grey Whale ‘Spy hopping’

110. 110 Dolphins helping an injured companion to the surface to breathe.

111. 111 Beaching No one is quite sure why cetaceans beach themselves. No one is quite sure why cetaceans beach themselves. Could be following an injured or sick pod member. Could be following an injured or sick pod member. Could be linked to high-intensity sonar used by military. Could be linked to high-intensity sonar used by military. Caused hemorrhages in inner ears, and rapid surfacing causes the bends. Caused hemorrhages in inner ears, and rapid surfacing causes the bends.

112. 112 56 Pilot whales beached on Cape Cod, 2002

113. 113 Migration Many great whales migrate thousands of miles to mate or to feed. Many great whales migrate thousands of miles to mate or to feed. Baleen whales- feed at the poles during the summer, migrate to warmer waters in winter to breed. Baleen whales- feed at the poles during the summer, migrate to warmer waters in winter to breed. Spying behavior very common in migrating whales. Spying behavior very common in migrating whales.

114. 114 Figure 9.31

115. 115 Reproduction in pinnipeds Pinnipeds- male seals usually mate with only one female. Pinnipeds- male seals usually mate with only one female. Elephant seals and sea lions- breed in harems, with one dominant male defending his female group. Elephant seals and sea lions- breed in harems, with one dominant male defending his female group. Delayed implantation- embryo goes dormant in order for the timing of the pups to coincide with the migration to breeding grounds. Delayed implantation- embryo goes dormant in order for the timing of the pups to coincide with the migration to breeding grounds.

116. 116 Stellar sea lions and California sea lions at their breeding grounds

117. 117 Mother and pup

118. 118 Reproduction in cetaceans Gestation is usually 11-12 months, to coincide with migration patterns. Gestation is usually 11-12 months, to coincide with migration patterns. It takes- 9 months to develop a 7lb human. It takes- 9 months to develop a 7lb human. 11 months to develop a 3 ton blue whale calf! 11 months to develop a 3 ton blue whale calf! Cetaceans are born tail first to allow extended time to receive oxygen from the placenta. Cetaceans are born tail first to allow extended time to receive oxygen from the placenta. Blue whale calves can gain 200 lbs and grow 1.5inches a day for the first 7 months! Blue whale calves can gain 200 lbs and grow 1.5inches a day for the first 7 months!

119. 119 Figure 9.35

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122. 122 Table 9.02

123. 123 Table 9.01