1. Chapter 21 “The Progressive Era” (1901-1917)

2. Populist Party – People’s Party –In 1892, a new political party emerged—the Populist Party (AKA the People's Party). It was made up of unhappy farmers and sprung out of the Farmers' Alliance –The Populists demanded… –Inflation through "cheap money" policies of printing paper money and coining silver. They felt inflation would make it easier to pay off their debts. This was their top priority. –Other desires were: a graduated income tax (a person pays more with a higher salary); government regulation of railroads, the telegraph, and telephone; direct elections of U.S. senators by the people; initiative and referendum (so people can propose and pass laws themselves); a shorter working day; and immigration restrictions. –The Populist Party did surprisingly well in the election. They got 22 electoral votes by winning four western states. –The South was reluctant to vote for the Populists due to race reasons. The Populists had reached out to Southern blacks so Southern whites turned away. After the election, Southern whites tightened the screws on blacks. –Literacy tests and poll taxes were used more than ever to prevent blacks from voting. –"Grandfather clauses" were employed to allow anyone to vote whose grandfather could (thus only whites were grandfathered in).

3. By 1900 America was faced with social problems that had been mounting for 30 years but had not been affectively addressed The nation was gripped by a reform movement called Progressivism –Biggest period of reform since the 1840s –It waged war on many social evils including monopolies, corruption in government, inefficiency, social injustice and irresponsible corporations Social Injustices

4. When the 1900s dawned, there were 76 million Americans 1 out of 7 were foreign-born Flooded with immigrant children, many of whom could scarcely speak English, schools like this one in New York in 1892 cultivated loyalty to the newcomers’ adopted land by teaching courses in “civics” and encouraging patriotic rituals like the Pledge of Allegiance to the U.S. Flag

5. Tenement life on the Lower East Side of New York City was exposed by the camera of Jacob Riis, who compiled a large photographic archive of turn-of-the-century urban life Many families counted themselves lucky to share a single room, no matter how crappy. Social Injustices

6. The coal mines of Pennsylvania employed more than ten thousand boys under the age of 16. Known as "breaker boys," they sorted coal Such work was dangerous and sometimes fatal Breaker Boys and Headline Social Injustices

7. Young children like this one were often used in the textile mills because their small fingers could tie together broken threads more easily than those of adults Textile worker Social Injustices

8. Scenes like this in the immigrant wards of America's great cities stirred middle-class reformers to action at the turn of the century Poor neighborhood, Philadelphia, 1915 Social Injustices

9. The heart of progressive movement: –Belief that government should be strengthened so that it could act aggressively to tackle social ills. –Government could be an instrument of positive good Basic prescription: use government as an agency of human welfare At heart, a rejection of Laissez Faire The Progressive Era 1901-1918

10. Before the first decade of the 20th century, US would be influenced by a “Progressive movement" - fought against monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice o Purpose - to use government as an agency of human welfare Progressives - roots in Greenback Labor Party of 1870s and 1880s and Populist Party of 1890s Exposers of corruption of trusts, “muckrakers,” as Theodore Roosevelt called them, Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives, book about New York slums & its inhabitants, and Theodore Dreiser, The Financier and The Titan - attack profiteers Socialists and feminists gained strength, with people like Jane Addams and Lillian Wald, women entered the Progressive fight The Progressive Era 1901-1918

11. Lasts through presidencies of Roosevelt (1901-1909) and William Howard Taft (1909-1913) and first term of Democrat Woodrow Wilson (1913-1917) Attitudes and Motives Relatively homogenous, rural society turns into industrialized nation of mixed ethnicity and growing cities, rising of big business, increasing gap between rich and poor, dominance of corrupt political machines, Jim Crow Laws Groups participating: Protestant church leaders, African Americans, Union leaders, feminists Progressive: belief that changes in society were badly needed and that government was the proper agency for correcting social and economic ills

12. Pressure came from a number of different groups: –Socialists from Europe—start to gain strength in US –Christians preaching Social Gospel—focused on the needs of the poor and the workers at the mercy of corporations –Feminists—suffrage movement included social justice in their call for reform because women were often those who suffered the most –Muckrakers exposing corruption of cities and working conditions of children and women The Progressive Era 1901-1918

13. Muckrakers Magazines and Newspapers began to compete with each other to expose evil and corruption in society Theodore Roosevelt dubs them Muckrakers –Lincoln Steffens—Shame in the Cities –Ida Tarbell—expose of Standard Oil –Upton Sinclair-The Jungle

14. Ida Tarbell was the most eminent woman in the muckraking movement and one of the most respected business historians of her generation In 1904, she earned a national reputation for publishing a scathing history of the Standard Oil Company, the “Mother of Trusts.” Muckrakers

15. Muckrakers targeted beef industry-beef trusts money trust railroad barons White slave traffic in women Slums High rate of industrial accidents Child labor Plight of blacks in the south Muckrakers

16. Was out-pouring of national criticism and exposure of ways in which the system was broken Articles had a profound impact on the nation Like progressives in general, these articles were long on complaint but short on solutions They sought not to overthrow capitalism, but to cleanse it to cure the ills of American democracy Muckrakers

17. Goals of Progressives The progressives generally came from the middle class. They felt somehow sandwiched between the big business trusts and tycoons on the top and the immigrant, working class on the bottom. Progressives pushed for a variety of political reforms to help their cause. They favored and generally got the following accomplished: The initiative where voters could initiate laws, rather than waiting and hoping a legislator might do it. The referendum where voters could vote proposed bills into law, circumventing unresponsive legislators altogether. The recall where voters could remove elected officials rather than waiting for his term to expire. The thought was, "We voted them in, we can vote them out." The secret ballot, called the Australian ballot, to help get a true vote and avoid intimidation at the polls. The direct election of senators by the people. At the time, U.S. senators were chosen by state legislators, not the people. This became reality in 1913, with the 17th Amendment. And female suffrage. This would have to wait a bit longer (until 1920) and the 19 th Amendment

18. Progressivism really got its start and took off on a more local level rather than national Galveston, TX successfully used the city-manager system. The idea was to use professional people trained in their field of city management, rather than using "friends" of a corrupt mayor or city boss. The result was much greater efficiency and other cities took note of Galveston Local Progressives cracked down on "slumlords," rampant prostitution, and juvenile delinquency Wisconsin was the Progressive leader for states. Led by Gov. Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette, Wisconsin was able to grab power back from the big businesses and return it to the people Other states took note and attacked trusts, railroads. Examples included Oregon and California (led by Gov. Hiram Johnson). Gov. Charles Evan Hughes, of New York, took on the wrongs of gas and insurance companies Goals of Progressives

19. Progressive Women Settlement House movement Social Clubs “Women’s issues” Sweat shops –Triangle Shirtwaist Fire Muller v. Oregon Lochner v. New York

20. Women reformers gained speed after the Triangle Shirtwaist Company burnt down in 1911, trapping and killing 146 mostly young, women workers The tragedy gained much attention and gave the women momentum The public outcry prompted many states to pass laws regulating hours and conditions in such "sweatshops" and to pass workers' compensation laws. Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

21. The enormous political effort of American suffragists finally achieved victory with the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920 Women’s Suffrage Movement

22. Suffrage leaders built support for the cause by using modern advertising and publicity techniques, including automobiles festooned with flags, bunting, banners, posters, and--in this case--smiling little girls Suffrage parade Women’s Suffrage Movement

23. Temperance Movement Alcohol had long been under fire by women. During the Progressive era, temperance would reach its peak Francis Willard, founder of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) got 1 million women to join the cause against alcohol. The WCTU was joined by the Anti-Saloon League. They were well-organized and well-financed Many states and counties went "dry." In 1914, 1/2 of Americans lived in dry areas. The movement culminated in 1919 with the 18th Amendment (AKA Prohibition) that banned alcohol's sale, consumption, and possession

24. In addition to crusading against drunkenness, moral reformers stirred up emotions over accusations that evil men were seducing innocent young women into prostitution--or white slavery, as it was called In this posed photograph printed in a 1910 anti-vice publication, The White Slave Hell: or, With Christ at Midnight in the Slums of Chicago, the man supposedly has gotten the woman drunk and is about to lure her into a life of sin. Photograph from The White Slave Hell Temperance Movement

25. Roosevelt’s Square Deal For Labor Roosevelt a progressive Demanded a “Square Deal” for capital, labor and the public Believed the government should uphold the public interest He pushed control of three Cs: –corporations, –consumer protection –conservation of natural resources. Intervened in the coal strike of 1902 Department of Commerce and Labor 1903 Bureau of Corporations-The Bureau of Corporations would investigate interstate trade and become important for breaking up monopolies during the "trust-busting" days

26. Railroad monster still largely untouched The Interstate Commerce Commission (1887) had been designed to regulate railroads but it was proving to be ineffective. Therefore, it was decided more needed to be done Congress passed the Elkins Act in 1903. It banned and prosecuted rebates awarded by railroaders The Hepburn Act (1906) placed restrictions on free passes handed out by railroads (usually to the press to ensure good reports) Roosevelt’s Square Deal For Labor

27. Roosevelt’s Trust Busting Teddy Roosevelt nurtured the reputation of a trust buster. TR concluded, however that there were "good trusts" and there were "bad trusts." The bad trusts had to go Roosevelt 's most noteworthy target was the Northern Securities Company run by J.P. Morgan and James Hill Roosevelt busted up Northern Securities (his decision was upheld by the Supreme Court). Busting J.P. Morgan's outfit angered Wall Street but this high-profile bust furthered TR's trust buster image In all, Roosevelt attacked some 40 trusts, including busting the beef, sugar, fertilizer, and harvester trusts Despite his reputation as a trust buster, Roosevelt allowed the "good trusts" to survive. He believed his actions against the bad trusts would prevent the good ones from going astray William Howard Taft, who succeeded Roosevelt, would actually be more of a trust buster than Roosevelt. Taft actually busted more trusts than Roosevelt Another example occurred over the U.S. Steel Company. U.S. Steel wanted to acquire the Tennessee Coal and Iron Company. Roosevelt had said that the move of this good trust would be okay, but Taft felt otherwise. Roosevelt was very angry over Taft's reversal of his position

28. Caring For The Consumer TR backed legislation protecting against adulterated and mislabeled food Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle about the meat packing industry's horrible conditions. Sinclair's goal was to reveal the plight of the workers. But, the real effect was to gross out America and initiate action in Congress His book motivated Congress to pass the Meat Inspection Act (1906). Henceforth meat would be inspected by the U.S.D.A. The Pure Food and Drug Act was also passed. Its goal was to ensure proper labeling of food and drugs. and to prevent tampering These acts would help Europe to trust American meat and thus help exports

29. White-jacketed inspectors like those on the right made some progress in cleaning up the septic slaughterhouses after the passage of the Meat Inspection Act in 1906 Sausage Making, c. 1906

30. Upton Sinclair's novel, The Jungle, published in 1906, prompted President Theodore Roosevelt to order an investigation of Sinclair's allegations about unsanitary practices. Roosevelt then used the results of that investigation to pressure Congress into approving new federal legislation to inspect meatpacking, including a stamp such as the one shown here for condemned meat. Stamp--"US Inspected and Condemned" Meat Inspection Act (1906)

31. Makers of unregulated patent medicines advertised exorbitant results from using their products. This ad, while warning against "fraudulent claims," asserts that a wide belt can cure a variety of ailments The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 did not ban such products but tried to prevent manufacturers from making such unsubstantiated statements Patent medicine Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906

32. Roosevelt and Earth Conservation Americans using up natural resources Corporations hungry to exploit resources Conservation and naturalist movement started before TR president –Desert Land Act of 1877 –Forest Reserve Act of 1891 TR gave the movement a huge kick in the pants Newlands Act of 1902-irrigation of western lands Roosevelt set aside vast tracts of forests to prevent logging on it

33. Roosevelt and famed naturalist John Muir visit Glacier Point, on the rim of Yosemite Valley, California In the distance is Yosemite Falls; a few feet behind Roosevelt is a sheer drop of 3,254 feet. Roosevelt and Earth Conservation

34. The father of the modern Forest Service, Gifford Pinchot championed the concept of “rational use” as the guiding principle of the federal government’s natural resource management policies Roosevelt and Earth Conservation

35. A German-born artist, Bierstadt romanticized the already awesome beauty of the American West Roosevelt and Earth Conservation

36. These hardy sightseers at the Grand Canyon in 1911 ironically and probably unwittingly foreshadowed the mass tourism that arrived with the dawning automobile age Soon millions of motorized Americans would regularly flee from the cities and suburbs to “get away from it all” in wilderness sites increasingly overrun by their fellow refugees from “civilization.” Roosevelt and Earth Conservation

37. Roosevelt’s Panic Of 1907 The economy took a sudden and sharp downtown in 1907. Wall Street was pounded, banks were run, suicides went up, and there were many Wall Street "speculators" were indicted on sneaky dealings As with any economic downtown, the president was blamed, justly or not. Conservatives, especially, charged that Roosevelt's meddling in business had fouled up the cogs of the economy. They called it the "Roosevelt Panic" The Panic did reveal the need for a more elastic currency supply. In other words, the banks needed reserves to release into circulation if times got tough Congress passed the Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) authorizing national banks to release money into circulation This law/action paved the way for the monumental Federal Reserve Act (1913)

38. The Rough Rider Thunders Out In 1908, TR was still very popular. He used his popularity to endorse a candidate that had similar policies as himself—William Howard Taft Taft was a big fellow and very likable. The old saying was that "everybody loves a big man" and in Taft's case the saying seemed to fit The Democrats put forth William Jennings Bryan yet again. Bryan also painted himself as a Progressive Riding on TR's popularity, Taft won the election easily, 321 to 162 in the electoral. As a sign-of-the-times Socialist Party candidate Eugene Debs (of Pullman Strike fame) garnered a surprising 420,000 votes

39. Theodore Roosevelt leaves his baby, “My Policies,” in the hands of his chosen successor, William Howard Taft. Friction between Taft and Roosevelt would soon erupt, however, prompting Roosevelt to return to politics and challenge Taft for the presidency. The Rough Rider Thunders Out

40. This postcard depicts how President Theodore Roosevelt, in command of the Republican Party, persuaded his friend William Howard Taft to run for president in 1908 Taft was not eager for that office, but Roosevelt succeeded in convincing him to seek it With Roosevelt's strong support, Taft was elected, but he proved a disappointment to Roosevelt Postcard with Taft cartoon The Rough Rider Thunders Out

41. Contributions of Roosevelt Enlarged the power and prestige of the presidency Began the process of taming capitalism ensuring that it would survive rather than being replaced Developed technique of using publicity as a political weapon Helped shape the progressive movement and to lay the ground-work for later liberal reforms Opened American eyes to world affairs and America’s role and potential influence on world events

42. Presidential Election of 1908

43. Taft: A Round Peg In A Square Hole At first, Taft seemed just fine. He was likable, seemed capable, had a solid background and experience Tricky problems soon bogged him down. TR had been able to work through problems due to his force-of-personality and political instincts Taft took a hands-off approach toward Congress which did not serve him well He was a mild progressive only, more inclined toward the status quo than reform

44. Although Theodore Roosevelt originally chose to put his faith in hand-picked successor William Howard Taft, friction between the two would soon drive Roosevelt back into race for the presidency in 1912 Ironically, by splitting the Republican vote with his Progressive Republican "Bull Moose" party, Roosevelt virtually guaranteed that neither would garner enough votes to win and thereby handed the presidency to academic single-term governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson

45. Taft The Trustbuster Taft brought antitrust suits at nearly four times the rate of TR. 90 in his 4-year term Sup. Ct. decision in Standard Oil case –rule of reason –Only “unreasonable” restraints of trade were illegal. –Created a huge hole in fed’s anti-trust net Taft also went after US Steel, –Angered Teddy Roosevelt

46. Democrats were thrilled about Republican split Dems nominate Woodrow Wilson, a militant progressive President of Princeton, instituted sweeping educational reforms Governor of New Jersey; ignored party bosses Progressive Very Popular Election of 1912

47. Woodrow Wilson at Princeton Commencement with Andrew Carnegie, 1906 Before his election to the presidency of the United States in 1912, Wilson (left) served as president of Princeton University (1902-1910) and governor of New Jersey (1910-1912). In all three offices he undertook substantial reforms. Fighting desperately later for the League of Nations, at the cost of his health, Wilson said, “I would rather fail in a cause that I know some day will triumph than to win in a cause that I know some day will fail.”

48. Eloquent and somewhat of a zealot Strong moral streak; unwilling to compromise matters of principle Appealed to the people over the heads of the bosses and legislature In 1912 Democrats nominated him on the 46th ballot when Bryan swings his support to Wilson –“New Freedom” Election of 1912

49. The Bull Moose Campaign Roosevelt not ready to give up the fight New Progressive Party nominates him as their candidate Roosevelt and Taft rhetoric split the party and allowed Wilson to become a minority President Election of 1912

50. The Republican split surely boosted Wilson to victory, as he failed to win a clear majority in any state outside the old Confederacy The election gave the Democrats solid control of the White House and both houses of Congress for the first time since the Civil War Election of 1912

51. Meaning of Wilson’s Win? With the Republicans split, it was time for the Democrats. Woodrow Wilson won the 1912 electoral vote handily: Wilson had 435 electoral votes, Roosevelt had 88, and Taft had 8 The popular vote was much different however. Wilson garnered only 41% of the people's votes, TR and Taft totaled 50%. Thus, most people in America did not want Wilson as their president The conclusion seemed clear—Roosevelt's Bull Moose party had cost Republicans, and given the Democrats, the White House The Socialist party continued to be on the rise. Eugene V. Debs got 6% of the popular vote—a strong showing by a third party and, again, a sign-of- the-times for people liking what the Socialists were saying Taft didn't just go away after his one term. He would later become the chief justice of the Supreme Court

52. Although Theodore Roosevelt originally chose to put his faith in hand-picked successor William Howard Taft, friction between the two would soon drive Roosevelt back into race for the presidency in 1912 Ironically, by splitting the Republican vote with his Progressive Republican "Bull Moose" party, Roosevelt virtually guaranteed that neither would garner enough votes to win and thereby handed the presidency to academic single- term governor of New Jersey, Woodrow Wilson. GOP Divided by Bull Moose Equals Democratic Victory, 1912

53. Wilson: The Idealist In Politics Wilson second democratic president since 1861 First southerner in the White House since Taylor –Racist; Jeffersonian Son of a Presbyterian Minister; fervent piety and a stark view of good and bad that makes it hard for him to compromise. He is rigid Moving orator, but cold personally Student of government; professor of political science Believed in strong president Idealist Intellectual

54. As a Progressive, Woodrow Wilson entered the White House saying he wished to attack what he termed the "triple wall of privilege": the tariff the banks trusts. Wilson sought to bring the tariff down. He helped Congress pass the Underwood Tariff (1913) which did two main things… It considerably reduced tariff rates on imports. It started a graduated income tax (the tax rate went up as a person's salary went up) The 16th Amendment had recently been passed legalizing an income tax, the Underwood Tariff law simply laid out the rules Triple Wall of Privilege TBT

55. Tariffs continue to be a hot issue Called a special session of congress. Personal State of the Union address The house passed the Underwood Tariff Bill (1913) –re-imposed the federal income tax following the ratification of the 16th Amendment –lowered basic tariff rates from 40% to 25% Triple Wall of Privilege

56. A SPECIFIC tariff, is a tariff of a specific amount of money that does not vary with the price of the good. These tariffs are vulnerable to changes in the market or inflation unless updated periodically. A REVENUE tariff is a set of rates designed primarily to raise money for the government. A tariff on coffee imports imposed by countries where coffee cannot be grown, for example, raises a steady flow of revenue. A PROHIBITIVE tariff is one so high that nearly no one imports any of that item. A PROTECTIVE tariff is intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and protect domestic industries from foreign competition, especially from competitors whose host nations allow them to operate under conditions that are illegal in the protected nation, or who subsidize their exports. A RETALIATORY tariff is one placed against a country who already charges tariffs against the country charging the retaliatory tariff (e.g. If the United States were to charge tariffs on Chinese goods, China would probably charge a tariff on American goods, also). These are usually used in an attempt to get other tariffs rescinded. Different Types of Tariffs

57. US financial system is antiquated Most serious problem is the inelasticity of the currency –money reserves heavily concentrated in NY and a few other large cities –could not be mobilized easily to places under financial stress- Roosevelt’s panic of 1907 The republicans favored a Third National Bank of the United States with 15 branches Wilson opted for a decentralized bank in federal hands Triple Wall of Privilege

58. Federal Reserve Act Federal Reserve Act: most important piece of economic legislation between the Civil War and the New Deal Created the Federal Reserve Board (appointed by the president) which oversaw 12 regional, federal banks Empowered to issue federal reserve notes backed by commercial paper –could regulate the amount of money in circulation by issuing, or holding back, paper money

59. Last on Wilson's "triple wall of privilege" were the trusts. Congress passed the Federal Trade Commission Act (1914) which set up a position, appointed by the president, to investigate activities of trusts The goal would be to stop trade practices deemed unfair such as unlawful competition, false advertising, mislabeling, adulteration, and bribery Congress wanted to strengthen the largely ineffective Sherman Anti- Trust Act (1890), so it passed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act (1914) The Clayton Act put real teeth into anti-trust law. It added to the Sherman law's list of objectionable trust practices by forbidding price discrimination (a different price for different people) and interlocking directorates (JP Morgan) (the same people serving on "competitors" boards of trustees) It also (a) exempted labor unions from being considered trusts and (b) legalized strikes as a form of peaceful assembly Triple Wall of Privilege

60. Wilson’s Blind Spot Wilson’s one failure in broadening the rights of the downtrodden was Blacks He increased segregation in the Civil Service and generally had a very blind eye—even a hostile eye—toward concerns of blacks regarding civil rights Proclaimed Birth of a Nation an important insight into history

61. Wilson’s New Directions In Foreign Policy Wilson’s had a much different view of foreign policy than either Roosevelt or Taft Hostile attitude toward TR’s big-stick policy and American imperialism Hostile attitude toward dollar diplomacy Wilson was a pacifist Wilson got Congress to repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act (1912) which allowed American ships to pass through the canal toll free Wilson signed the Jones Act (1916) granting territorial status to the Philippines. It also promised independence when a "stable government" was established

62. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Civil Rights cases of 1883 stripped the power of the 14 th and 15 th amendments and private organizations could segregate The Supreme Court (1896) ruled that separate accommodations did not deprive blacks of equal rights if the accommodations were equal This would be the legal basis for segregation in the South— This will become a huge deal in the 1950s and 1960s Overturned by Brown v Board of Education in 1954

63. The New South? Many white southerners wanted an industrial south Henry Grady, editor of the Atlanta Constitution, promoted the virtues of thrift, industry, and progress The most visible industrial growth was the establishment of textile factories, James B. Duke’s monopolistic American Tobacco Company and the deep South’s iron and steel industries

64. Jim Crow Laws Democratic whites (“Redeemers or Bourbons”) resumed political power in the South Blacks who tried to assert their rights faced unemployment, eviction and physical harm Through the “crop-lien” system: storekeepers extended credit to small farmers for food and supplies in return for a lien on their harvests. Shrewd merchants manipulated the system so farmers remained perpetually in debt This developed into state- level legal codes of segregation known as Jim Crow laws "Come listen all you galls and boys, I'm going to sing a little song, My name is Jim Crow. Weel about and turn about and do jis so, Eb'ry time I weel about I jump Jim Crow."

65. Controlling the Vote Southern lawmakers began to devise ways to evade the 15 th Amendment –Poll Tax or property qualification: few blacks were prosperous to meet requirements –Literacy tests: required voters to demonstrate an ability to read and interpret the Constitution. –1890s: black votes decreased by 62% and poor whites by 26%

67. African-American Reformers Booker T. Washington –Ex-slave, grew up in poverty –Began teaching at Tuskegee Institute in 1881, later became head of school –Focused on teaching blacks useful trades so they could get jobs, and therefore respect –Accepted segregation if blacks could get economic and educational resources –Accused of being an accomodationist—accepting white racism One of Washington’s students was George Washington Carver, who later discovered hundreds of new uses for peanuts, sweet potatoes, and soybeans

68. Tuskegee University

69. W.E.B. DuBois –Accused Washington of being an “Uncle Tom,” selling out the race –First African-American to get his PhD from Harvard –Demanded complete equality for blacks—economic and social –Founded NAACP in 1909 (National Association for Advancement of Colored People) –Wanted “talented tenth” of black population to lead the rest into full equality African-American Reformers