1. Environmental Studies: Communication and Information 5 credits, I&S Writing Credit (W)! Open to all students who have taken ENVIR 100 and ENGL Composition. A practical seminar to develop the skills necessary to write and speak about complex environmental issues. Natural History: Knowing Our Non-Human Neighbors 5 credits, NW No prerequisites Required fieldtrips to Pack Forest (near Mt. Rainier) and Leavenworth! Learn the natural history of the Pacific Northwest through direct experience, field trips, and readings. ENVIR 280ENVIR 200 Pack Forest image source: http://adirondackkayaker.com/

2. What do you think of the new tolls ($3-$5 each way) on the 520 bridge? 1.Love them! 2.Hate them! 3.Indifferent 4.What tolls? What 520 bridge?

3. Story #1: Traffic congestion The 520 bridge (connecting Seattle and Bellevue/Kirkland/etc.) used to be very congested during rush hour. Now there’s a toll of about $3-5 each way (collected electronically… very nifty!) As a result…

4. Story #1: Traffic congestion

5. The 520 bridge (connecting Seattle and Bellevue/Kirkland/etc.) used to be very congested during rush hour. Now there’s a toll of about $3-5 each way (collected electronically… very nifty!) As a result… No more traffic congestion! Plus government revenue (that, e.g., can be used to build a new bridge)!!

6. How can capitalism save us? Put a price on pollution!

7. The line from James Morrison that summarizes today’s class is 1.To you everything was just a game. 2.You don’t get to taste the honey without the sting of the bee. 3.You hit me like a steel freight train. 4.Oh, yeah yeah yeah.

8. In the context of carbon pricing, “taste the honey” refers to… 1.Technological green innovation. 2.Lower taxes. 3.Sugarcane ethanol. 4.Stevia powder.

9. In the context of carbon pricing, “the sting of the bee” refers to 1.Lawsuits against polluters. 2.Higher energy costs. 3.Bureaucracy. 4.Climate impacts.

10. It begins with energy… We will soon lay down thousands of miles of power lines that can carry new energy to cities and towns across this country. And we will put Americans to work making our homes and buildings more efficient so that we can save billions of dollars on our energy bills. But to truly transform our economy, to protect our security and save our planet from the ravages of climate change, we need to ultimately make clean, renewable energy the profitable kind of energy. So I ask this Congress to send me legislation that places a market- based cap on carbon pollution and drives the production of more renewable energy in America. That's what we need. And to support -- to support that innovation, we will invest $15 billion a year to develop technologies like wind power and solar power, advanced biofuels, clean coal, and more efficient cars and trucks built right here in America.

11. Three pollution solutions Voluntary approaches: “Give a hoot, don’t pollute.” Mandatory “command-and-control” approaches: Fuel economy standards, government-funded R&D (research and development), etc. Mandatory “market-based” approaches: Make polluting expensive.

12. Three possible solutions Voluntary approaches: “Give a hoot, don’t pollute.” Problem: Voluntary approaches often don’t work very well because of the Tragedy of the Commons.

13. Three pollution solutions Voluntary approaches: “Give a hoot, don’t pollute.” Problem: Voluntary approaches often don’t work very well because of the Tragedy of the Commons Note: Sara Curran may disagree; she has more faith in bottom-up community-based solutions than I do. I hope she’s right!

15. Three pollution solutions Mandatory “command-and-control” approaches: Fuel economy standards, government-funded R&D (research and development), etc. Problem: These can work, but often they are unnecessarily costly (i.e., inefficient). And do you really want the government picking winners? (Consider corn ethanol.)

16. Three pollution solutions Mandatory “command-and-control” approaches: Fuel economy standards, government-funded R&D (research and development), etc. Note: Some experts (e.g., Breakthrough Institute) disagree; they think government- funded R&D will be a big help. I hope they’re right!

17. Three pollution solutions Voluntary: “Give a hoot, don’t pollute.” Mandatory “command-and-control.” Mandatory “market-based” approaches: Make polluting expensive.

18. Three pollution solutions Mandatory “market-based” approaches: Make polluting expensive.

19. Which idea was not discussed in the Sightline carbon primer reading? 1.Carbon taxes 2.Carbon offsets 3.Cap-and-trade permits

20. How popular was the “tax shift” idea among local Town Hall stakeholders? 1.Very popular 2.Average 3.Very unpopular

21. How popular is the “tax shift” idea to you (as an individual)? 1.Very popular 2.Average 3.Very unpopular

22. Three pollution solutions Mandatory “market-based” approaches: Make polluting expensive. Almost all economists think that this is the best idea since sliced bread. Market approaches use the power of the free market to protect the environment. Two varieties of sliced bread: –Taxes –Cap-and-trade permits

23. Both act as a surrogate for missing market prices/incentives Pollution creates negative externalities. The resulting “external costs” are not included in market prices. The invisible hand breaks down, leading to the tragedy of the commons. We can use taxes or cap-and-trade to “internalize” those external costs. These policies “heal” the invisible hand!

24. How popular (to you) is the UW policy of charging $0.12 a page for printing? 1.Very popular 2.Average 3.Very unpopular

25. Story #1: Paper Before 1998, it was free for students to print at the computer labs on campus. More correctly, it was “free”: the money came from student tech fees rather than individual students. The result: 35,000 pages printed per day, 1000s of those pages unclaimed, $25,000 per month for paper and toner…

26. Price of printing Quantity of printing Demand curve: At different prices, how many pages do students want to print? $0.10 $0.20 BAC Which point (A, B, or C) shows how many pages were printed when printing was “free”? When printing was $0.10 per page?

27. Which point shows how many pages were printed when printing was “free”? 1.Point A 2.Point B 3.Point C

28. Which point shows how many pages were printed when printing was $0.10? 1.Point A 2.Point B 3.Point C

29. Price of printing Quantity of printing Demand curve: At different prices, how many pages do students want to print? $0.10 $0.20 BAC Supply and demand: X marks the spot!

30. Charging for printing is most similar to which idea from the reading? 1.Carbon tax 2.Auctioned cap- and-trade 3.Grandfathered cap-and-trade

31. What is your recommendation? 1.Charge $0.12 a page for printing 2.Free printing, pay higher tech fees 3.Free printing, use old computers 4.I have a better idea!

32. Story #2: Sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) Under Title IV of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, a “cap and trade” program was created for SO 2 from power plants. Any firm wanting to emit SO 2 needed to turn in 1 permit for each ton of emissions. In 1980, emissions were 20m tons, but by 2000 the government only gave out 10m tons’ worth of permits. (Cut pollution in ½!) Allocations based on historic emissions.

33. This example is most similar to which idea from the reading? 1.Carbon tax 2.Auctioned cap- and-trade 3.Grandfathered cap-and-trade

34. Source: Pew Center on Global Climate Change

35. Price of sulfur Quantity of sulfur Demand curve: At different prices, how much sulfur do utilities want to emit? B A 20m10m Which point (A, B, or C) shows the “price” of emissions before the cap-and-trade? What about with a cap of 10m ton? C

36. Which point (A, B, or C) shows the “price” of emissions before the cap-and-trade? 1.Point A 2.Point B 3.Point C

37. Which point (A, B, or C) shows the “price” of emissions with a cap of 10m tons? 1.Point A 2.Point B 3.Point C

38. Price of sulfur Quantity of sulfur Demand curve: At different prices, how much sulfur do utilities want to emit? B A 20m10m C Supply and demand: X marks the spot! 5m

39. Lesson #1: Taxes and cap-and- trade systems are very similar A tax is a “price” instrument and cap-and- trade is a “quantity” instrument, but the demand curve tells us that price and quantity are related to each other!

40. Price of sulfur Quantity of sulfur $100 $200 10m5m15m

41. Lesson #1: Taxes and cap-and- trade systems are very similar A tax is a “price” instrument and cap-and- trade is a “quantity” instrument, but the demand curve tells us that price and quantity are related to each other! If we know what the demand curve looks like, I can tell you the quantity of emissions from a given tax, or I can tell you the “price” of emissions from a given cap.

42. Price of sulfur Quantity of sulfur $100 $200 10m5m15m

43. Price of sulfur Quantity of sulfur $100 $200 10m5m15m

44. Complication #1: We don’t know what the demand curve looks like exactly. So we can’t say exactly how much carbon reductions will come from a $100/ton tax on CO2. And we can’t say exactly what the “price” of carbon will be with a cap-and-trade that reduces emissions to (say) 1990 levels by 2020 and 50% below 1990 by 2050. Still, don’t forget Lesson #1.

45. What is Lesson #1? 1.Taxes and cap- and-trade are very similar. 2.Taxes and cap- and-trade are totally different.

46. Lesson #2: It’s all about the money. The best way to think about cap-and-trade is to think about its price equivalent, even if we don’t know exactly what that price equivalent will be. Example: the Waxman-Markey climate bill.

47. Lesson #2: It’s all about the money. Source: EPA preliminary analysis of Waxman-Markey, 4/20/09

48. Lesson #2: It’s all about the money. The best way to think about cap-and-trade is to think about its price equivalent, even if we don’t know exactly what that price equivalent will be. Example: the Waxman-Markey climate bill. A price of ≈$30/tonne CO2 is about $0.30 per gallon of gasoline, $0.03 per kWh coal.

49. Lesson #2: It’s all about the money. The best way to think about cap-and-trade is to think about its price equivalent, even if we don’t know exactly what that price equivalent will be. Example: Any auctioned cap-and-trade system is equivalent to some tax. What about grandfathered cap-and-trade?

50. Lesson #2: It’s all about the money. Grandfathering permits to existing firms is equivalent to giving them money. Exactly equivalent. Give them permits, and they can sell them for money. Give them money, and they can buy permits.

51. Is it a good idea to give companies a bunch of money? 1.Yes 2.No 3.I’m not sure

52. What could we do with all that money? Fund R&D into clean energy. Rebates for energy efficient appliances. Reduce existing taxes. BC has implemented a revenue-neutral tax shift that will generate about $1 billion per year from a carbon tax and “spend” the revenue on tax cuts and rebate checks.

53. What this means Carbon tax revenues over three fiscal years (10/11-12/13) Tax reductions over three fiscal years (10/11-12/13) Every dollar raised by carbon tax is returned to taxpayers by law $ 3,051 million $2,792 million Business tax cuts $1,705 (Includes School Property Tax Cuts) Low income tax credit $486 Personal income tax cuts $860 http://www.bcbudget.gov.bc.ca/2010/bfp/2010_Budget_Fiscal_Plan.pdf

54. Price impact of $30/ton CO2 in WA Price of...Tax impact Fossil CO2, 2004 Motor gasoline≈$0.30/gallon≈26m tons Diesel (mostly transportation) ≈$0.30/gallon≈11m tons Jet fuel≈$0.30/gallon≈8m tons Coal≈$0.03/kWh, ≈$3/mmBtu≈11m tons Natural gas (split electric/res/com/ind) ≈$0.018/kWh, ≈$1.80/mcf, ≈$1.80/mmBtu ≈15m tons Hydro, wind, etc.None

55. Gasoline prices, 2000-2010

56. Natural gas prices, 2000-2010

57. Who wants a tax shift? Charles Krauthammer [Fox News]: “For 25 years… I have been advocating… a U.S. energy tax as a way to curtail consumption and keep the money at home [by recycling it back into tax reductions].” George Will [Washington Post]: “A carbon tax would be a clear and candid incentive to adopt energy-saving and carbon- minimizing technologies… [and produce] a commensurate reduction of other taxes.”

58. Who wants a tax shift? Al Gore: “It's important to change the light bulbs, but it's much more important to change the laws… Tax what we burn, not what we earn.” William Nordhaus [Yale economist]: “To a first approximation, raising the price of carbon is a necessary and sufficient step for tackling global warming.”

59. What’s so great about a tax shift? Right now we tax “goods” (things we want more of: employment, saving, investment) and don’t tax “bads” (things we want less of: carbon, pollution, traffic congestion). This is like turning down a meal at a nice restaurant in favor of dumpster diving. Taxing “bads” instead of “goods” is smart economically and smart environmentally. That’s how capitalism can save us!