2. Psychoanalysis Therapies  Freud: usually lie on the couch Root of all problems is in unconscious conflicts Imbalance in id, ego, and superego Conscious insight can resolve conflicts ○ Free association Resistance: when you hesitate, you are filtering; that’s a clue that anxiety lurks, covering sensitive material ○ Interpretation of resistance Psychologist points out these hesitations and gives insight ○ Dream interpretation Latent content of the manifest content Transference Transferring feelings (+/-) to your therapist “Unearths the past in hope of unmasking the present”

3. Humanistic Therapies  People have free will to determine their own destiny  Issue arises when there’s an interference; low self-esteem, low confidence  How does therapy help? recognizing patients own freedom, enhancing their self-esteem & realizing their fullest potential Help clients reach self-actualization!

4. Humanistic Therapies  Carl Rogers used client centered therapy Patient brings up topics, not therapist (nondirective) Therapist says very little, but does actively listen ○ Reflection of feelings: reflective listening, therapist paraphrases the clients words, capturing the emotional tone so they can see and hear themselves Therapist provides unconditioned positive regard ○ Complete acceptance of a person regardless of actions or opinions Goal of therapy? ○ Help patient to accept and take responsibility Carl Rogers

5. Cognitive Therapies  Aaron Beck Gentle questioning reveals irrational thinking, then persuades people to view life through a clearer lens We think in words; change what we say to ourselves ○ Stress Inoculation Training: teaching people to restructure their thinking in stressful situations  Psychological problems arise from unhealthy thinking  REBT (Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy) Albert Ellis, taught the reality of the situation Failure is unlikely, but if it did occur, it wouldn’t be that big of a deal Promotes rational thinking

6. Behavioral Therapies  Focus on the problem behaviors rather than inner thoughts, motives or emotions  Counterconditioning: pairs the triggered stimulus with a calming response instead of an anxious one Think Little Albert…he should have been counter conditioned but never was :( They should have paired the stimulus (white fuzzy rabbit) with a calming response undesirable behaviors have been learned, and therefore, can be unlearned

7. How to countercondition? Use exposure therapy!  Systematic desensitization: (Joseph Wolpe) can’t be relaxed and anxious at the same time so replace feelings of anxiety with Progressive relaxation: imagine the fear, one muscle group at a time relax until the anxiety goes away  Exposure therapy: slowly expose people to their fears and with time they become less anxious Anxiety Hierarchy; Being scared of spiders  THIS METHOD IS ONLY USED FOR HARMLESS STIMULI

8. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy  Aaron Beck (used mainly for depression) Since thinking colors our feelings; think more positive and it will lift your mood  Combines a cognitive emphasis on thoughts & attitudes with behavioral strategies.  Modify irrational self-talk, set attainable behavioral goals and develop realistic strategies for attaining them  Develop new skills and a sense of self-efficacy (measure of one’s ability to reach goals) A combo of the two

9. Group Therapy  AA Groups, Self-help (don’t even need a therapist!)  Important to know you are not alone!  Family therapy: treat the family as a unit Each member discovers their role Improves communication

10. Somatic Therapies  Physically changing brain function by altering its chemistry  Psychopharmacology: (1950’s) study of drug effects on mind and behavior In studies, must be a double blind procedure Accounts for placebo effect & expectations of patients/doctors Biomedical; therapy that produces bodily change

11. Somatic Therapies  Do not self diagnose  This is a classroom; objective, gain knowledge  Do not take any of these drugs without the consultation of a medical doctor  Remember one person’s appropriate dose is another’s overdose  Each drug has numerous debilitating side effects including, suicidal thoughts, organ failure….hence the medical doctor! Disclaimer

12. Somatic Therapies  Clozapine: awakens the negative symptoms  Haloperidol: calms the positive symptoms Occupy receptor sites and block dopamine activity  What happens when it blocks too much? Side effects resemble Parkinson’s disease (twitches, tremors, sluggishness) Tardive dyskinesia: neurotoxic side effects; involuntary movements of facial muscles, tongue, limbs Antipsychotic Drugs (Schizophrenia)

13. Somatic Therapies  Antianxiety calm you down, antidepressants lift you up  Increases available norepinephrine & serotonin  SSRI’s: Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Prozac, Zoloft, Paxil Blocks reabsorption and removal from the synapse  Using a patch has less side effects (bypasses the intestines and liver) Antidepressant Drugs (mood disorder)

14. Somatic Therapies  Suicide on antidepressants….why?  Tend to increase suicide rates in the short run but decrease them in the long run  Most effective is combining medication with cognitive therapy. Placebos that mimic the side effects, were often proven as effective as the real drug Antidepressant Drugs

15. Somatic Therapies  Xanax & Valium (Barbiturates)  Depresses the central nervous system (warning label always states to never mix with alcohol) Tend to reduce symptoms without solving the underlying problem can produce dependence may experience withdrawal symptoms Antianxiety Drugs (Anxiety disorder)

16. Somatic Therapies  Aerobic Exercise Calms people who have anxiety Energizes those with moderate depression ○ releases endorphins  Proper balance of magnesium (small piece of chocolate)  Green tea (increases GABA and dopamine)  Omega-3 Fatty Acids (fish oil) Natural Remedies to antianxiety & antidepressants

17. Somatic Therapies  Lithium carbonate is powerful in stabilizing bipolar disorder (salt)  Can treat the manic episodes but not the depressive  Not sure how it works Bipolar disorder

18.  First introduced in 1938  Electric current sent through one or both brain hemispheres Briefly lose memory, change blood flow  Rarely used today  Only used for severe depression when drugs didn’t work Like restarting a computer which solves the problem Maybe shock induced seizures calm neurons  Most people relapse after several months ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy)

19. Psychosurgery  USED AS A LAST RESORT!  Purposeful destruction of the brain to alter behavior  Egas Moniz (1930s) lobotomy: cut main neurons to frontal lobe to calm patient Concept was to disconnect emotion from thought, but left people permanently lethargic, uncreative person Moniz was honored with a Nobel Peace Prize During 1950s 35,000 people were lobotomized in USA  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_0aNILW6ILk