1. Andrew Jackson - finished

2. Nullification Crisis Tariffs Tariffs Prohibitive in 1828Prohibitive in 1828 Lower, but still extremely high in 1832.Lower, but still extremely high in 1832. Nullification Nullification Idea proposed by John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson’s vice president.Idea proposed by John C. Calhoun, Andrew Jackson’s vice president. A state has the right to nullify federal laws within its own borders.A state has the right to nullify federal laws within its own borders.

3. Jackson’s response Organized army. Organized army. Force Act – congress authorized the president to use force to make South Carolina comply with federal law. Force Act – congress authorized the president to use force to make South Carolina comply with federal law. THIS SETS A HUGE PRECEDENT: The union was inviolable and affirms that federal law supercedes state law

4. Compromised - again Henry Clay organized it – again Henry Clay organized it – again Tariff reduced to pre-1828 levels.Tariff reduced to pre-1828 levels. South saved face – asserted that their ideals won out.South saved face – asserted that their ideals won out. South Carolina legislature passed a resolution nullifying the Force Act.South Carolina legislature passed a resolution nullifying the Force Act.

5. What does this have to do with slavery? Jamaica had a slave insurrection that convinced Great Britain to abolish slavery. Jamaica had a slave insurrection that convinced Great Britain to abolish slavery. Accomplished within two years.Accomplished within two years. Compensation to owners.Compensation to owners. Nat Turner’s rebellion. Nat Turner’s rebellion. The South viewed nullification as a method for keeping the federal government out of all aspects of Southern society. if the federal government can tax them via tariffs and force it to stick, they could possibly pass laws against slaveryif the federal government can tax them via tariffs and force it to stick, they could possibly pass laws against slavery

6. The Bank War 325 different private banks printed money 325 different private banks printed money

7. Bank War Currency Circular Currency Circular Removed all denominations greater than $5.Removed all denominations greater than $5. Requirement that all public lands be paid in gold or silver. Requirement that all public lands be paid in gold or silver. Result Result Cotton prices dropped.Cotton prices dropped. Unemployment surged.Unemployment surged.

8. Immigration

9. Immigration in US Early decades of the 1800s Early decades of the 1800s Only about 5,000 immigrants per year.Only about 5,000 immigrants per year. 1830s – increased to 50,000 1830s – increased to 50,000 1840s – increased to 150,000 1840s – increased to 150,000 1850s – increased to 300,000 1850s – increased to 300,000 Nation’s largest cities Boston – ½ of the population Boston – ½ of the population New York – more than ¾ New York – more than ¾ Philadelphia, Pittsburg, and Providence – more than ½. Philadelphia, Pittsburg, and Providence – more than ½.

10. Effects of Immigration 1. The North’s population surged ahead of the South. 2. In many urban areas native born Americans are in the minority.

11. Irish Immigration Largely illiterate and took lowest paying jobs. Largely illiterate and took lowest paying jobs. Lived in slum conditions. Lived in slum conditions. Catholics Catholics

12. Irish Potato Famine Begins summer of 1845. Begins summer of 1845. One expert thought it was static, smoke, or an underground volcano One expert thought it was static, smoke, or an underground volcano Actually a fungus that originated in central America. Actually a fungus that originated in central America.

13. Famine’s impact 750,000 starved to death. 750,000 starved to death. 2 million left Ireland. 2 million left Ireland. By 1850 25% of Irish had left Ireland By 1850 25% of Irish had left Ireland

14. “Natural” disasters Result of British colonial policies. Result of British colonial policies. Catholics denied the right to enter professions and purchase land.Catholics denied the right to enter professions and purchase land. Natives lived on ever smaller farms – the only crop capable of sustaining them on such land was potatoes.Natives lived on ever smaller farms – the only crop capable of sustaining them on such land was potatoes. More than half lived on nothing BUT potatoes. More than half lived on nothing BUT potatoes. Britain opened work housesBritain opened work houses 10% of “inmates” died. 10% of “inmates” died. Exported food every single year of the famine.Exported food every single year of the famine. Left a legacy of deep distrust

15. Issues dividing immigrants and “Yankees” Alcohol - less about drinking than a symbolic attack on the Irish and their way of life. Alcohol - less about drinking than a symbolic attack on the Irish and their way of life. Stigmatizing.Stigmatizing. Challenged their cultureChallenged their culture An attempt to impose alien valuesAn attempt to impose alien values Irish overwhelmingly voted Democrat because temperance was assoiciated with the Whigs. Public Education - The Irish were convinced that public education was anti- Irish Public Education - The Irish were convinced that public education was anti- Irish

16. Public Education issues The Irish needed their children's income The Irish needed their children's income Children under 15 accounted for 20% of their families' incomes.Children under 15 accounted for 20% of their families' incomes. Anti-Catholicism Anti-Catholicism Daily Bible readings until 1962 from the Protestant Bible.Daily Bible readings until 1962 from the Protestant Bible. The turning point in western civilization was the Protestant reformation.The turning point in western civilization was the Protestant reformation. Irish established a separate Catholic school system.

17. Reaction 1837: A Boston mob burned down a convent 1837: A Boston mob burned down a convent The Confessions of Maria Monk The Confessions of Maria Monk 1863: New York City Draft Riots 1863: New York City Draft Riots