1. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 1 Chapter 5. Looping

2. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 2

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4. My first C++ program #include using namespace std; int main() { cout << "My first C++ program." << endl; return 0; } 4

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6. #include using namespace std; int main() { int num; num = 6; cout << "My first C++ program." << endl; cout << "The sum of 2 and 3 = " << 5 << endl; cout << "7 + 8 = " << 7 + 8 << endl; cout << "Num = " << num << endl; return 0; } 6

7. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Special Symbols The smallest individual unit of a program written in any language is called a token. C++’s tokens are divided into special symbols, word symbols, and identifiers. 32 | Chapter 2: Basic Elements of C++Following are some of the special symbols: + - * /. ; ?, = 7

8. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Illegal variables identifiers 8

9. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Data type Data type: A set of values together with a set of operations. C++ data types fall into the following three categories and are illustrated in Figure 2-1: 1. Simple data type 2. Structured data type 3. Pointers 9

10. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 10 Integers in C++, as in mathematics, are numbers such as the following: -6728, -67, 0, 78, 36782, +763 char 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$', '&', ' '

11. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Arithmetic Expression Result Description 2 + 5 7 13 + 89 102 34 – 20 14 45 – 90 -45 2 * 7 14 5 / 2 2 In the division 5 / 2, the quotient is 2 and the remainder is 1. Therefore, 5 / 2 with the integral operands evaluates to the quotient, which is 2. 14 / 7 2 34 % 5 4 In the division 34 / 5, the quotient is 6 and the remainder is 4. Therefore, 34 % 5 evaluates to the remainder, which is 4. 4 % 6 4 In the division 4 / 6, the quotient is 0 and the remainder is 4. Therefore, 4 % 6 evaluates to the remainder, which is 4. 11

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13. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition // This program illustrates how data in the variables are // manipulated. #include using namespace std; int main() { int num1, num2; double sale; char first; string str; num1 = 4; cout << "num1 = " << num1 << endl; num2 = 4 * 5 - 11; cout << "num2 = " << num2 << endl; sale = 0.02 * 1000; cout << "sale = " << sale << endl; first = 'D'; cout << "first = " << first << endl; str = "It is a sunny day."; cout << "str = " << str << endl; return 0; } 13

14. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition // This program illustrates how input statements work. #include using namespace std; int main() { int feet; int inches; cout << "Enter two integers separated by spaces: "; cin >> feet >> inches; cout << endl; cout << "Feet = " << feet << endl; cout << "Inches = " << inches << endl; return 0; } /*Sample Run: In this sample run, the user input is shaded. Enter two integers separated by spaces: 23 7 Feet = 23 Inches = 7*/ 14

15. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition // This program illustrates how output statements work. #include using namespace std; int main() { int a, b; a = 65; //Line 1 b = 78; //Line 2 Output | 69 cout << 29 / 4 << endl; //Line 3 cout << 3.0 / 2 << endl; //Line 4 cout << "Hello there.\n"; //Line 5 cout << 7 << endl; //Line 6 cout << 3 + 5 << endl; //Line 7 cout << "3 + 5"; //Line 8 cout << endl; //Line 9 cout << a << endl; //Line 10 cout << "a" << endl; //Line 11 cout << (a + 5) * 6 << endl; //Line 12 cout << 2 * b << endl; //Line 13 return 0; } 15

16. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition x = 5; y = ++x; x=6 while y=6 x = 5; y = x++; x=6 y=5 a = 5; b = 2 + (a++); the value of (a) is 6 while the value of b is 7. 16

17. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 17

18. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Relational Operators in C++ 18

19. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition expressions using these operators evaluate to true or false 19

20. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 20

21. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 21

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23. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Two-Way Selection if (expression) statement1 else Statement2 if (hours > 40.0) //Line 1 wages = 40.0 * rate + 1.5 * rate *(hours - 40.0); //Line 2 else //Line 3 wages = hours * rate; 23

24. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition #include using namespace std; int main() double wages, rate, hours; cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(2); //Line 1 cout << "Line 2: Enter working hours and rate: "; //Line 2 cin >> hours >> rate; //Line 3 if (hours > 40.0) //Line 4 wages = 40.0 * rate +1.5 * rate * (hours - 40.0); //Line 5 else //Line 6 wages = hours * rate; //Line 7 cout << endl; //Line 8 cout << "Line 9: The wages are $" << wages << endl; //Line 9 return 0; } 24

25. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition Compound (Block of) Statements { statement_1 statement_2. statement_n } 25

26. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition if (age >= 18) cout << "Eligible to vote." << endl; else cout << "Not eligible to vote." << endl; you could include compound statements, similar to the following code: if (age >= 18) { cout << "Eligible to vote." << endl; cout << "No longer a minor." << endl; } else { cout << "Not eligible to vote." << endl; cout << "Still a minor." << endl; } 26

27. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition if (balance > 50000.00) //Line 1 interestRate = 0.07; //Line 2 else //Line 3 if (balance >= 25000.00) //Line 4 interestRate = 0.05; //Line 5 else //Line 6 if (balance >= 1000.00) //Line 7 interestRate = 0.03; //Line 8 else //Line 9 interestRate = 0.00; 27

28. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition if (score >= 90) cout << "The grade is A." << endl; else if (score >= 80) cout << "The grade is B." << endl; else if (score >= 70) cout << "The grade is C." << endl; else if (score >= 60) cout << "The grade is D." << endl; else cout << "The grade is F." << endl; 28

29. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition #include // Required for cout using namespace std; int main() { int month; cin>>month; if ( month == 1) //Line 1 cout << "January" << endl; //Line 2 else if (month == 2) //Line 3 cout << "February" << endl; //Line 4 else if (month == 3) //Line 5 cout << "March" << endl; //Line 6 else if (month == 4) //Line 7 cout << "April" << endl; //Line 8 else if (month == 5) //Line 9 cout << "May" << endl; //Line 10 else if (month == 6) //Line 11 cout << "June" << endl; //Line 12 if (month == 1) cout << "January" << endl; if (month == 2) cout << "February" << endl; if (month == 3) cout << "March" << endl; if (month == 4) cout << "April" << endl; if (month == 5) cout << "May" << endl; if (month == 6) cout << "June" << endl; return( 0); } 29

30. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition #include using namespace std; int main() { double x = 1.0; double y = 3.0 / 7.0 + 2.0 / 7.0 + 2.0 / 7.0; cout << fixed << showpoint << setprecision(17); cout << "3.0 / 7.0 + 2.0 / 7.0 + 2.0 / 7.0 = " << 3.0 / 7.0 + 2.0 / 7.0 + 2.0 / 7.0 << endl; cout << "x = " << x << endl; cout << "y = " << y << endl; if (x == y) cout << "x and y are the same." << endl; else cout << "x and y are not the same." << endl; if (fabs(x - y) < 0.000001) cout << "x and y are the same within the tolerance " << "0.000001." << endl; else cout << " x and y are not the same within the “ << "tolerance 0.000001." << endl; return 0; } 30

31. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 31

32. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 32 5.1 The Increment and Decrement Operators ++ and -- are operators that add and subtract one from their operands. num = num + 1; num += 1; num++;

33. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 33 /*-------------------------------------------------------------*/ /* Program chapter4_2 */ /* This program prints a degree-to-radian table */ /* using a while loop structure. */ #include //Required for cout #include //Required for setw() using namespace std; const double PI = 3.141593; int main() { // Declare and initialize objects. int degrees(0); double radians; // Set formats. cout.setf(ios::fixed); cout.precision(6); // Print radians and degrees in a loop. cout << "Degrees to Radians \n"; while (degrees <= 360) { radians = degrees*PI/180; cout << setw(6) << degrees << setw(10) << radians << endl; degrees += 10; } // Exit program. return 0; } /*-------------------------------------------------------------*/ Program continues…

34. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 34 Program continued from previous slide. cout << "bigVal is " << bigVal << " and smallVal is " << smallVal << endl; ++smallVal; --bigVal; cout << "bigVal is " << bigVal << " and smallVal is " << smallVal << endl; }

35. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 35 Program Output bigVal is 10 and smallVal is 1 bigVal is 9 and smallVal is 2 bigVal is 8 and smallVal is 3

36. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 36 Program 5-2 //This program demonstrates the prefix and postfix modes of the // increment and decrement operators. #include void main(void) { int bigVal = 10, smallVal = 1; cout << "bigVal starts as " << bigVal; cout << " and smallVal starts as " << smallVal << endl; cout << "bigVal--: " << bigVal-- << endl; cout << "smallVal++: " << smallVal++ << endl; cout << "Now bigVal is: " << bigVal << endl; cout << "Now smallVal is: " << smallVal << endl; cout << "--bigVal: " << --bigVal << endl; cout << "++smallVal: " << ++smallVal << endl; }

37. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 37 Program Output bigVal starts as 10 and smallVal starts as 1 bigVal--: 10 smallVal++: 1 Now bigVal is: 9 Now smallVal is: 2 --bigVal: 8 ++smallVal: 3

38. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 38 Using ++ and -- in Mathematical Expressions a = 2; b = 5; c = a * b++; cout << a << “ “ << b << “ “ << c; Results: 2 6 10

39. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 39 Using ++ and -- in Relational Expressions x = 10; if ( x++ > 10) cout << “x is greater than 10.\n”; Two operations are happening: the value in x is tested to determine if it is greater than 10 then x is incremented

40. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 40 5.2Introduction to Loops - The while Loop A loop is part of a program that repeats. A while loop is a “pre test” loop - the expression is tested before the loop is executed while (expression) statement;

41. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 41 Program 5-3 // This program demonstrates a simple while loop. #include void main(void) { int number = 0; cout << "This program will let you enter number after\n"; cout << "number. Enter 99 when you want to quit the "; cout << "program.\n"; while (number != 99) cin >> number; }

42. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 42 Program Output with Example Input This program will let you enter number after number. Enter 99 when you want to quit the program. 1 [Enter] 2 [Enter] 30 [Enter] 75 [Enter] 99 [Enter]

43. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 43 Terminating a Loop A loop that does not have a way of stopping is called an infinite loop int test = 0; while (test < 10) cout << “Hello\n”; A null statement is also an infinite loop, but it does nothing forever: while (test < 10);

44. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 44 Programming Style and the while Loop If there is only one statement repeated by the loop, it should appear on the line after the while statement and be indented one additional level If the loop repeats a block, the block should begin on the line after the while statement and each line inside the braces should be indented

45. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 45 5.3Counters A counter is a variable that is incremented or decremented each time a loop iterates.

46. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 46 Program 5-4 // This program displays the numbers 1 through 10 and // their squares. #include void main(void) { int num = 1; // Initialize counter cout << "number number Squared\n"; cout << "-------------------------\n"; while (num <= 10) { cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl; num++; // Increment counter } }

47. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 47 Program Output number number Squared ------------------------- 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 5 25 6 36 7 49 8 64 9 81 10 100

48. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 48 Program 5-5 While loop // This program displays the numbers 1 through 10 and // their squares. #include using namespace std; int main() { int num = 0; cout << "number number Squared\n"; cout << "-------------------------\n"; while (num++ < 10) cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl; }

49. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 49 Program Output number number Squared ------------------------- 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 5 25 6 36 7 49 8 64 9 81 10 100

50. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 50 5.4 Letting the User Control the Loop We can let the user indicate the number of times a loop should repeat.

51. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 51 Program 5-6 // This program averages a set of test scores for multiple // students. It lets the user decide how many. #include void main(void) { int numStudents, count = 0; cout << "This program will give you the average of three\n"; cout << "test scores per student.\n"; cout << "How many students do you have test scores for? "; cin >> numStudents; cout << "Enter the scores for each of the students.\n"; cout.precision(2); Program continues…

52. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 52 Program continued from previous slide. while (count++ < numStudents) { int score1, score2, score3; float average; cout << "\nStudent " << count << ": "; cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3; average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0; cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n"; }

53. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 53 Program Output with Example Input This program will give you the average of three test scores per student. How many students do you have test scores for? 3 [Enter] Enter the scores for each of the students. Student 1: 75 80 82 [Enter] The average is 79. Student 2: 85 85 90 [Enter] The average is 86.67. Student 3: 60 75 88 [Enter] The average is 74.33.

54. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 54 5.5Keeping a Running Total A running total is a sum of numbers that accumulates with each iteration of a loop. The variable used to keep the running total is called an accumulator.

55. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 55 Program 5-7 // This program takes daily sales figures over a period of // time and calculates their total. #include void main(void) { int days, count = 0; float total = 0.0; cout << "For how many days do you have sales figures? "; cin >> days; Program continues…

56. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 56 Program continues while (count++ < days) { float sales; cout << "Enter the sales for day " << count << ": "; cin >> sales; total += sales; } cout.precision(2); cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint); cout << "The total sales are $" << total << endl; }

57. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 57 Program Output with Example Input For how many days do you have sales figures? 5 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 1: 489.32 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 2: 421.65 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 3: 497.89 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 4: 532.37 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 5: 506.92 [Enter] The total sales are $2448.15

58. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 58 5.6Sentinels A sentinel is a special value that marks the end of a list of values.

59. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 59 Program 5-8 // This program calculates the total number of points a // soccer team has earned over a series of games. The user // enters a series of point values, then -1 when finished. #include void main(void) { int count = 0, points = 0, total = 0; cout << "Enter the number of points your team has earned\n"; cout << "so far in the season, then enter -1 when\n"; cout << "finished.\n"; Program continues…

60. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 60 Program continued from previous slide. while (points != -1) { count++; cout << "Enter the points for game " << count << ": "; cin >> points; if (points != -1) total += points; } cout << "The total points are " << total << endl; }

61. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 61 Program Output with Example Input Enter the number of points your team has earned so far in the season, then enter -1 when you are finished. Enter the points for game 1: 7 [Enter] Enter the points for game 2: 9 [Enter] Enter the points for game 3: 4 [Enter] Enter the points for game 4: 6 [Enter] Enter the points for game 5: 8 [Enter] Enter the points for game 6: -1 [Enter] The total points are 34

62. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 62 5.7The do-while Loop and for Loops In addition to the while loop, C++ also offers the do-while and for loops. A do-while loop is similar to a while loop, but in post-test format: do statement; while (expression);

63. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 63 Program 5-9 //This program averages 3 test scores. It repeats as many times as // the user wishes #include void main(void) { int score1, score2, score3; float average; char again; do { cout << "Enter 3 scores and I will average them: "; cin >> score1 >> score2 >> score3; average = (score1 + score2 + score3) / 3.0; cout << "The average is " << average << ".\n"; cout << "Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) "; cin >> again; } while (again == 'Y' || again == 'y'); }

64. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 64 Program Output with Example Input Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 80 90 70 [Enter] The average is 80. Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) y [Enter] Enter 3 scores and I will average them: 60 75 88 [Enter] The average is 74.333336. Do you want to average another set? (Y/N) n [Enter]

65. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 65 Program 5-10 // This program displays a menu and asks the user to make a // selection. A switch statement determines which item the // user has chosen. A do-while loop repeats the program until // the user selects item 4 from the menu. #include void main(void) { int choice, months; float charges; cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint); cout.precision(2); Program continues…

66. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 66 Program continued from previous slide. do { cout << "\n\t\tHealth Club Membership Menu\n\n"; cout << "1. Standard Adult Membership\n"; cout << "2. Child Membership\n"; cout << "3. Senior Citizen Membership\n"; cout << "4. Quit the Program\n\n"; cout << "Enter your choice: "; cin >> choice; if (choice != 4) { cout << "For how many months? "; cin >> months; } Program continues…

67. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 67 Program continued from previous slide. switch (choice) { case 1: charges = months * 40.00; cout << "The total charges are $"; cout << charges << endl; break; case 2: charges = months * 20.00; cout << "The total charges are $"; cout << charges << endl; break; case 3: charges = months * 30.00; cout << "The total charges are $"; cout << charges << endl; break; Program continues…

68. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 68 Program continued from previous slide. case 4: cout << "Thanks for using this "; cout << "program.\n"; break; default: cout << "The valid choices are 1-4. "; cout << "Try again.\n"; } } while (choice != 4); } Program continues…

69. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 69 Program Output with Example Input Health Club Membership Menu 1. Standard Adult Membership 2. Child Membership 3. Senior Citizen Membership 4. Quit the Program Enter your choice: 1 [Enter] For how many months 12 [Enter] The total charges are $480.00 Health Club Membership Menu 1. Standard Adult Membership 2. Child Membership 3. Senior Citizen Membership 4. Quit the Program Enter your choice: 4 [Enter] Thanks for using this program.

70. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 70 The for Loop Ideal for situations that require a counter because it has built-in expressions that initialize and update variables. for (initialization; test; update) statement;

71. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 71 Program 5-11 // This program displays the numbers 1 through 10 and // their squares. #include void main(void) { int num; cout << “Number Number Squared\n"; cout << "-------------------------\n"; for (num = 1; num <= 10; num++) cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl; }

72. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 72 Program Output Number Number Squared ------------------------- 1 1 2 4 3 9 4 16 5 25 6 36 7 49 8 64 9 81 10 100

73. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 73 Omitting the for Loop’s Expressions #include using namespace std; int main() { int num = 0; cout << "number number Squared\n"; cout << "-------------------------\n"; for (num = 1; num <= 10; num++) //while (num++ < 10) cout << num << "\t\t" << (num * num) << endl; }

74. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 74 Using initialization and update lists You may need to perform more than one statement in the initialization part of a for loop. In that case, just separate the statements with commas.

75. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 75 Program 5-12 // This program takes daily sales figures for one week // and calculates their total. #include void main(void) { const int days = 7; int count; float total; for (count = 1, total = 0.0; count <= days; count++) { float sales; cout << "Enter the sales for day " << count << ": "; Program continues…

76. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 76 Program continued from previous slide. cin >> sales; total += sales; } cout.precision(2); cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint); cout << "The total sales are $" << total << endl; }

77. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 77 Program Output with Example Input Enter the sales for day 1: 489.32 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 2: 421.65 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 3: 497.89 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 4: 532.37 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 5: 506.92 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 6: 489.01 [Enter] Enter the sales for day 7: 476.55 [Enter] The total sales are $3413.71

78. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 78 5.8Other forms of the update expression Incrementing the counter by something besides 1: for(number = 2; number <= 100; number +=2) cout << number << endl; // print the even numbers 2 – 100 Going backwards: for(number = 10; number >= 0; number--) cout << number << endl; //count from 10 to 0 A stand-alone for loop //This one prints the integers from 1 to 10 for(number = 1; number <= 10; cout << number++) There are quite a few variations, try some of your own!

79. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 79 5.8Focus on Software Engineering: Deciding Which Loop to Use The while Loop A pre-test loop. Use when you do not want the loop to iterate if the condition is false from the beginning. Ideal if you want to use a sentinel. The do-while Loop A post-test loop. Use if you always want the loop to iterate at least once. The for Loop A pre-test loop. Automatically executes an update expression at the end of each iteration. Ideal for situations where a counter variable is needed. Used when the exact number of required iterations is known.

80. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 80 5.9Focus on Software Engineering: Nested Loops A loop that is inside another loop is called a nested loop.

81. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 81 Program 5-13 // This program averages test scores. It asks the user for the // number of students and the number of test scores per student. #include void main(void) { int numStudents, numTests, total; float average; cout << "This program averages test scores.\n"; cout << "For how many students do you have scores? "; cin >> numStudents; cout << "How many test scores does each student have? "; cin >> numTests; Program continues…

82. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 82 Program continued from previous slide. for (int count1 = 1; count1 <= numStudents; count1++) { total = 0; // Initialize accumulator for (int count2 = 1; count2 <= numTests; count2++) { int score; cout << "Enter score " << count2 << " for "; cout << "student " << count1 << ": "; cin >> score; total += score; // accumulate running total } average = total / numTests; cout << "The average score for student " << count1; cout << " is " << average << ".\n\n"; }

83. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 83 Program Output with Example Input This program averages test scores. For how many students do you have scores? 2 [Enter] How many test scores does each student have? 3 [Enter] Enter score 1 for student 1: 84 [Enter] Enter score 2 for student 1: 79 [Enter] Enter score 3 for student 1: 97 [Enter] The average for student 1 is 86. Enter score 1 for student 2: 92 [Enter] Enter score 2 for student 2: 88 [Enter] Enter score 3 for student 2: 94 [Enter] The average for student 2 is 91.

84. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 84 5.10Breaking Out of a Loop The break statement causes a loop to terminate early.

85. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 85 Program 5-14 // This program raises the user's number to the powers // of 0 through 10. #include void main(void) { int value; char choice; cout << "Enter a number: "; cin >> value; cout << "This program will raise " << value; cout << " to the powers of 0 through 10.\n"; Program continues…

86. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 86 Program continued from previous slide. for (int count = 0; count < 10; count++) { cout << value << " raised to the power of "; cout << count << " is " << pow(value, count); cout << "\nEnter Q to quit or any other key "; cout << "to continue. "; cin >> choice; if (choice == 'Q' || choice == 'q') break; }

87. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 87 Program Output Enter a number: 2 [Enter] This program will raise 2 to the powers of 0 through 10. 2 raised to the power of 0 is 1 Enter Q to quit or any other key to continue. C [Enter] 2 raised to the power of 1 is 2 Enter Q to quit or any other key to continue. C [Enter] 2 raised to the power of 2 is 4 Enter Q to quit or any other key to continue. Q [Enter]

88. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 88 5.11Using break in a nested loop The break statement below breaks out of the inner loop but NOT the outer loop for(int row = 0; row < 5; row++) { //begin outer loop for(star = 0; star < 20; star++) { //begin inner loop …………// some statements break; …………// some more statements } //end inner loop } //end outer loop

89. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 89 5.11The continue Statement The continue statement causes a loop to stop its current iteration and begin the next one.

90. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 90 Program 5-15 // This program calculates the charges for video rentals. // Every third video is free. #include void main(void) { int videoCount = 1, numVideos; float total = 0.0; char current; cout << "How many videos are being rented? "; cin >> numVideos; Program continues…

91. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 91 Program continued from previous slide. do { if ((videoCount % 3) == 0) { cout << "Video #" << videoCount << " is free!\n"; continue; } cout << "Is video #" << videoCount; cout << " a current release? (Y/N)"; cin >> current; if (current == 'Y' || current == 'y') total += 3.50; else total += 2.50; } while (videoCount++ < numVideos); Program continues…

92. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 92 Program continued from previous slide. cout.precision(2); cout.setf(ios::fixed | ios::showpoint); cout << "The total is $" << total; }

93. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 93 Program Output with Example Input How many Videos are being rented? 6 [Enter] Is video #1 a current release? y [Enter] Is video #2 a current release? n [Enter] Video #3 is free! Is video #4 a current release? n [Enter] Is video #5 a current release? y [Enter] Video #6 is free! The total is $12.00

94. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 94 5.12Using Loops for Input Validation Loops can be used to create input routines that repeat until acceptable data is entered.

95. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 95 Program 5-16 // This program calculates the number of soccer teams // that a youth league may create from the number of // available players. Input validation is demonstrated // with do-while loops. #include void main(void) { int players, teamPlayers, numTeams, leftOver; // Get the number of players per team. cout << “How many players you wish per team?\n”; cout << “(Enter a value in the range 9 - 15): "; cin >> teamPlayers; Program continues…

96. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 96 Program continued from previous slide. while (teamPlayers 15) // Validate input {cout << "You should have at least 9 but no\n"; cout << "more than 15 per team.\n"; cout << “How many players do you wish per team? “; cin >> teamPlayers; } // Get the number of players available cout << “How many players are available? “; cin >> players; while (players < 0) // Validate input {cout << "Please enter a positive number.\n"; cin >> players; } // Perform calculations numTeams = players / teamPlayers; leftOver = players % teamPlayers; cout << "There will be " << numTeams << " teams with\n"; cout << leftOver << " players left over.\n"; }

97. Starting Out with C++, 3 rd Edition 97 Program Output with Example Input How many players you wish per team? (Enter a value in the range 9 – 15): 4[Enter] You should have at least 9 but no more than 15 per team. How many players you wish per team? 12[Enter] How many players are available? -142 [Enter] Please enter a positive number: 142[Enter] There will be 11 teams with 10 players left over.