1. Deep Sea Trenches J & Izzy

2. General Characteristics Any long, narrow, steep-sided depression in the ocean bottom in which occur in maximum oceanic depths. They are approximately 7,300 to 11,000 Usually are located where one tectonic plate sub-ducts under another

3. Different Trenches Peru-Chile Trench- longest ocean trench in the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Maximum depth of 26,460 feet and 3,666 miles long Mariana Trench- the deepest trench known in the western portion of the North Pacific Ocean. 1580 miles long and a Maximum depth of 35,797 ft

6. Human Impact Like other oceanic trenches, the Mariana Trench has been proposed as a site for nuclear waste disposal, in the hope that tectonic plate subduction occurring at the site might eventually push the nuclear waste deep into the Earth’s mantle. However, ocean dumping of nuclear waste is prohibited by international law. Furthermore, plate subduction zones are associated with very large megathrust earthquakes of which the effects on any specific site are unpredictable and possibly adverse to the safety of long- term disposal.

7. Mariana Trench http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYjyGf Rp3F4http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BYjyGf Rp3F4

9. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1DoWdH Otlrk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q36_8s5z 6S8&feature=related

10. Organisms of the Trench The deep sea anglerfish has a round body that resembles a basketball, and indeed, it looks like it could easily swallow one. It has a very large mouth with sharp, fang-like teeth. Its grotesque appearance has earned it the nickname "common black devil". Despite its ferocious appearance, the angler is a small fish, reaching a maximum length of only about five inches (12 centimeters). The color of this anglerfish ranges from brown to dark gray or black. It has soft flesh and bones and small eyes. Its skin is specially adapted to reflect blue light. Since nearly all light emitted from bioluminescent creatures is blue, the anglerfish can be nearly invisible to other deep sea animals. Due to its wide, round body, it cannot swim very fast. Instead, it somewhat "wobbles" through the water.

11. The hagfish is a true monster of the deep. To see why, one only has to examine its greusome feeding habits. A hagfish begins its feeding process by attaching itself to a passing fish. Once firmly attached, it then bores its way inside its unsuspecting host. Once inside, the hagfish will actually eat the fish's flesh with a specialized rasping tongue. It literally eats its victim from the inside out. When no large prey can be found, hagfish will feed on worms and other small invertebrates they find on the ocean floor. In the wild, they have a deep blue color which is thought to help camoflauge them from predators. The eyes of the coelacanth are extremely sensitive to light. They contain a special adaptation known as a tapetum, which is also found in cats, dogs, and dolphins. It is the tapetum that causes a cat's eyes to glow when exposed to bright light. This highly specialized eye enables the coelacanth to see as much as possible in the lightless environments of the deep sea.

12. Like most cephalopods, it can use jet propulsion to attain speeds of over two knots. A small tube near the animal's tentacles, known as a siphon, expels water under pressure. This propels the nautilus in the opposite direction at high speeds. It is believed that the fish can use these flashing lights in the dark waters to attract prey and even to signal potential mates. The dragonfish has a large head and mouth equipped with many sharp, fang-like teeth. It also has a long protrusion known as a barbel attached to its chin. This barbel is tipped with a light-producing photophore. The dragonfish also has photophores along the sides of its body. These light organs may be used to signal other dragonfish during mating. They may also serve to attract and disorient prey fishes from deep below.

13. Because its eyesight is not good, many researchers think the fangtooth hunts by a process known as chemoreception, where it essentially must bump into something edible as it searches the dark waters. It is believed that these fish migrate to upper layers of the ocean to feed during the night and then return to the murky depths during the day. Thousands of tiny photophores can be found throughout the squid's body, giving it the ability to emit light along its entire form. The lights can be flashed in unison or alternated in an endless number of animated patterns. These light shows are thought to serve several functions. They can be used to communicate with potential mates or rivals. They may also be used to disguise the squid's shape and confuse predators, allowing it to escape. The firefly squid is the only member of the squid family that is believed to have color vision.

14. The giant isopod is a carnivorous crustacean that spends its time scavenging the deep sea floor. Food is extremely scarce at these great depths, so the isopod has adapted to eat what ever happens to fall from above. This includes the bodies of dead whales, fish, and squid. Many researchers believe the giant squid to be a very aggressive animal. During World War II, stories from the survivors of sunken ships tell of shipmates being eaten by these creatures in the dark of night. There have even been reports of giant squid reaching out of the water and pulling men off small boats. None of these reports have been officially verified, but they do paint a picture of a powerful predator.

15. Perhaps the most noticeable characteristic of these worms is their bright red plume. This is a specialized organ used for exchanging compounds such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide with the seawater. The bright red color comes from the presence of large amounts of hemoglobin (blood). It is this plume that provides nutrients to the bacteria that live inside the worm. The eel uses its long tail for movement. The end of the tail is tipped with a light-producing organ known as a photophore. Through a process known as biolumenesence, the photophore glows pink and can give off occasional red flashes. Since the eel's body is not built for chasing prey, It is believed that the eel uses this light as a fishing lure to attract fish and other creatures close to its enormous mouth.

16. There are over two hundred different species of lanternfishes in the deep sea. In fact, they are thought to be some the most common deep ocean creatures. Sampling by deep sea trawling indicates that lanternfish make up as much as 65% of the deep sea biomass. They are among the most most widely distributed and diverse of all vertebrate species and it is believed that they play an important role as prey for larger organisms. The Bythograea crab is one of the top predators of the ecosystem, eating everything from bacteria to clams, and even other crabs. Because of their mobility, they are often the first to colonize a new vent. In comparison to crabs we see on the beach, Bythograea crabs live under pressure 250 times greater than we experience on land, and an adult Bythograea crab will die if brought to the surface.

17. Although sixgill sharks are usually slow and sluggish, their body structure allows them to attain high bursts of speed when chasing and catching their prey. They are carnivorous predators, feeding mostly on cephalopods, crustaceans, fish, and rays, and some marine mammals. These sharks spend most of their time in deep water during the day. At night, they undertake vertical migrations up to shallower waters to feed. The Zoarcid fish, or eelpout, live among the tubeworms and mussels near sea vents. Despite being slow moving, they are the top predators of this ecosystem, feasting on everything from crabs to tubeworms.

18. The snipe eel's upper and lower jaws are extremely long and curve away from each other at the tips. This means that they don't meet when the eel closes its mouth. These curved jaws help the eel to catch its food. The jaws are covered with tiny hooked teeth that help capture tiny shrimp and other crustaceans. As the eel swims along with its mouth open, tiny backward-pointing teeth snag the antenna of the shrimp. Like other toothed whales, sperm whales use echolocation to find their food. They create a series of high-frequency clicks through cavities in their skull. These clicking sounds reflect back off of fish, squid, and other animals, allowing the whale to virtually see in the dark. This skill comes in handy as the sperm whales search the dark ocean depths for food. Their favorite meal is squid, and these whales are one of the only natural enemies of the legendary giant squid and its larger cousin, the colossal squid.

19. The squid has incredible control over these light organs. It has the ability to modulate the size and intensity of the photophores to create complex patterns that can be used to disorient predators and attract prey. The photophores are larger and more complex at the tips of the arms and the base of its two fins. Unlike most other squid, it does not have the ability to change its color. This ability would be useless in the dark environments in which it lives. The squid's light show is probably its main form of defense, since it lacks the ink sack which is present in other squid species. It can, however, eject a thick cloud of glowing, bioluminescent mucus from the tips of its arms when threatened. The unusually large teeth of the viperfish help it to grab hold of its prey at it hunts in the darkness. Viperfish have been observed hanging motionless in the water, waving their lures over their heads like a fishing pole to attract their meals.

20. H2S CO2 O2 CH4 Vent Bacteria Symbiotic Bacteria Vent Amphipod Vent Clam Vent Shrimp Riftia Worm Vent Mussel Pompeii Worm Vent Zooplankton Tube-dwelling Anemones Dandelion Siphonophores Simple Chemicals Primary Producers Primary Consumers First Order Carnivores Zoarcid Fish Galtheid Crabs Blind Crabs Vent Octopus Vent Ratfish Top Order Carnivore Bythograea crab Sperm Whale

21. H2S CO2 O2 CH4 Vent Bacteria Symbiotic Bacteria Vent Amphipod Vent Clam Vent Shrimp Riftia Worm Vent Mussel Pompeii Worm Vent Zooplankton Tube-dwelling Anemones Dandelion Siphonophores Simple Chemicals Primary Producers Primary Consumers First Order Carnivores Zoarcid Fish Galtheid Crabs Blind Crabs Vent Octopus Vent Ratfish Top Order Carnivore Sperm Whale Bythograea crab

22. Highlight Organisms Primary Producer: Vent Bacteria Acrobacter sulfidicus Vent bacteria uses the process of chemosynthesis to produce carbohydrates from the hydrogen sulfide that pours out of the vents. These are the base of the food chain in vents. Taxonomy: Kingdom  Bacteria Phylum  Proteobacteria Class  Delta Order  Epsilonproteobacteria Family  Campylobacterales Genus  Campylobacteraceae Species  Arcobacter

23. Primary Consumer: Vent Tubeworm Riftia pachptyla They live off of the bacteria inside them. They have no mouth, eyes, or stomach. Taxonomy: Kingdom  Eukaryota Phylum  Metozoa Class  Annelida Order  Palata Family  Sabellida Genus  Siboglinidae Species  Riftia

24. Secondary Consumer: Zoracrid Fish Pachycara gymninium These two-foot long white fish are top predators around vents. They eat everything from tubeworms to shrimp. These fish are slow and lethargic, they spend most of their time floating around clumps of tube worms and mussels. Taxonomy: Kingdom  Eukaryota Phylum  Chordata Class  Euteleostomi Order  Acanthomorpha Family  Zoarcoidae Genus  Lycodinae Species  Pachyara

25. A J & Izzy Production

26. Work Cited www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=3748096 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_trench cmbc.ucsd.edu/Students/Current_Students/SIO277/Trenches.pdfcmbc.ucsd.edu/Students/Current_Students/SIO277/Trenches.pdf http://geology.com/press-release/deepest-part-of-the-ocean/ http://alpinfun.blogspot.com/2010/04/pictures-from-deepest-depths.html http://www.seasky.org/deep-sea/deep-sea-menu.html#search http://www.mnh.si.edu/onehundredyears/featured_objects/Riftia.html