1. 1750-1914: An Age of Revolutions
Latin American Independence Movements

2. Background Indigenous peoples and civilizations
Maya, Aztec, Inca
European Colonization, 1500s
Spain, Portugal, France
American Revolution, 1776
French Revolution and Enlightenment, 1789
Napoleon’s conquests within Europe, 1800s

3. Latin American Independence Movements, 18th & 19th C.

4. Results Caudillos Dependency theory challenges “Moderninity” theory
Strong military leaders emerge
Dictatorship and totalitarian systems emerge
Dependency theory challenges “Moderninity” theory
Western European markets determine the product
South America dependent upon others buying their one crop
Banana Republics
United Fruit Company controlled Central America in late 19th and early 20th century
Phrase coined to designate politically unstable, dependent on limited agriculture, and ruled by a small, wealthy and corrupt clique put in power by the United States government in conjunction with the CIA and the US business lobby

5. French colonies: Revolution in Haiti
Saint Domingue, now known as Haiti
Western third of island of Hispanola in Caribbean Sea.
Plantation slavery, sugar

6. Toussaint L’Ouverture
Former slave, self-educated.
Untrained in military and political matters, but became a skilled general and diplomat.
Allegedly got name (“opening” in French) from being able to find openings in enemy lines.
Took leadership of a slave revolt that broke out in 1791.
100,000 slaves in revolt.

7. By 1801, L’Ouverture moved into Spanish Santo Domingo (the eastern two-thirds of the island of Hispanola), took control of territory and freed slaves.
In January 1802, French troops landed.
Toussaint agreed to an end of fighting if the French would end slavery
French accused him of planning another uprising.
Sent him to a prison in the French Alps.
He died 10 months later, April 1803.

8. Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Toussaint’s general.
Took up the fight.
Jan 1, declared an independent country.
First black colony to free itself from European control.
He called it Haiti, “mountainous land,” in the language of the native Arawak inhabitants.
Became first emperor of Haiti; later assassinated in a revolt.
1820: Haiti became an independent republic

9. Spanish Colonies Revolutions against Spanish Rule

10. Latin American social classes
Peninsulares - men born in Spain
held highest offices
Creoles - Spaniards born in Latin America
officers in army, but not in government
often resented power of the peninsulares
Mestizos - mixed European and Indian
Mulattos - mixed European and African
Indians

11. Causes for the wars of Independence
The discord between Creoles and Peninsulares with the Creoles at a social, political, and economic disadvantage.
-Creoles were not able to hold political and judicial positions that Spain reserved only for Peninsulares.
-The barrier to upward and economic social mobility created stress in the Spanish colonial order.
-The heavy taxes on colonial goods that benefited Spain and not the colonies.

12. 2. The influence of the Enlightenment Period
- the ideas of Montesquieu, Rousseau (man was born free), Locke ( right to property), and Voltaire.
3. The ideas of the French Revolution.
( liberty, equality, and fraternity )
4. The Influences of United States independence.
[ translations of the Declaration of Independence and Common Sense].
5. The expulsion of the Jesuits; the majority of them Americans. Attempt of the Crown to reassert its control over the Church.

13. 6.The consolidación de vales reales a decree which ordered the confiscation of charitable Church funds and their missions to Spain. Mexico was hurt because the church acted as informal financial institution. [upper and middle class depend on this loans]. Many lower clergy lived on the interest of this loans.
7. The colonists did not depend on Spain for security. The were responsible for paying for the expenses of the military. The vast majority of the forces were Creoles but the higher officers were Peninsulares.

14. 8. The French and British navy blockade in Spanish ports preventing Spanish ships from reaching the Americas.
-The blockade diminished Spanish authority in the Americas.
9. The Bourbon Reforms – many Creoles were dissatisfied with the results of the reforms in the colonies. Especially with the political reforms that excluded them from holding political positions.

15. -The Creoles gained legitimacy by supporting the ousted Fernando VII.
10. The Napoleonic Wars – in 1808 Napoleon replaced the Spanish king Fernando VII with his brother Joseph.
-In Spanish America since everything was done in the name of the king, the Creoles argued that the removal of the king shifted sovereignty to themselves.
-These wars brought the collapse of traditional monarchical power in Spain. In the colonies the Creoles organized Juntas de Gobierno.
-The Creoles gained legitimacy by supporting
the ousted Fernando VII.

16. European Background: Napoleon
Napoleon invaded Spain in 1808.
Removed Spain’s King Ferdinand VII and made Joseph (Napoleon’s brother) king of Spain.
Creoles used it as a reason for revolution.
1810 rebellion across Latin America.
1814, Napoleon defeated and Ferdinand returned to power, but creoles cont’d their movement.

17. Generalizations for Latin America Independence
Failed Imperial Reforms ( Bourbon Reforms )
External Factors
a) French Revolution
b) Haiti’s Independence
c) France ( Napoleon ) invasion into Spain
d) French support for the American
Revolution

18. Generalizations e) British support for Latin America’s independence
f) American support for LA independence
3. Internal Factor
a) Widespread discontent with the
Imperial Order

19. Differences and similarities between Latin America and US
The independence movement in Spanish
America lacked the coherence of ideology and leadership manifested in the American
Revolution.
The vast geographical area of the Spanish American colonies and its diversity explains the lacked of unity among the colonies in their struggle for independence.
Whereas, the American colonies fought united
under the military command of Washington against the British

20. The Latin American movement for independence lacked the popular support
[exception of Haiti and Mexico].
-The creole elites that led the revolution were part of the exploited minority in the colonies.
-In the US there was a strong popular support provided by the diverse sectors of population in a more democratic society.

21. Similarities
Latin America and United States movements of independence were led by
a well educated elite.
In both segments of the population sided with the mother country.
In both final success was due in part to foreign assistance. ( United States- France
and Spain and in Latin America – British )

22. Liberation of South America
Liberation of Venezuela,Colombia,Ecuador, and Panamá ( Gran Colombia)
1.In 1810 a Creole Junta took power in
Caracas. Creoles were divided: one group
wanted immediate independence the other
group want to postpone it by temporally
acting in the name of the dethrone king
Ferdinand VII.

23. Simon Bolivar
Wealthy Venezuelan creole.
“The Liberator”

24. Liberation of South America
2. Bolivar was sent to Great Britain to seek the
recognition and support that country.
Bolívar was not successful in his mission but he brought with him Francisco de Miranda to take over the patriot army.
3. In 1811 Venezuela proclaimed its independence and framed a republican constitution.

25. a) abolished Indian tribute, special privileges, but retained black slavery and
did not provided full citizenship for the mu-
latto population.
4. Fighting broke out between patriots and
royalists who gained the support of free
blacks and mulattos.
5. Miranda attempted to negotiate a treaty
with the royalist but failed. As he was leaving the country he took with him part

26. of the republic’s treasure
of the republic’s treasure. Miranda was turned over to the Spaniards and died in a Spanish prison four years later.
6. Bolivar left and went to New Granada
(Colombia) and urged the liberation of Ve-
nezuela for Colombia’s security. A victory
in Cúcuta gave him the rank of general.
7. In Trujillo , Bolívar proclaimed a war of terror against all Spaniards. The Spanish forces left the capital, Bolívar received the title of liberator and dictatorial powers.

27. 8. Bolívar could not unify the country.
a) slaves continue to fight for their freedom
b) royalists continued fighting when Ferdinand VII regained his throne
c) the Llaneros under the leadership of
José Tomás Boves reached Caracas where hedied in battle.
9. Bolívar returned to Colombia which was on a verge of chaos. Spanish Gen. Pablo
Morillo reconquested Colombia and Vene-
zuela. Bolívar exiled to Jamaica.

28. 10. With the support of José Antonio Páez
( leader of the Llaneros ) and the “British Legion” a new attack was planned for the liberation of Venezuela and Colombia.
11. By 1819 Colombia was liberated-battle of Boyaca and in 1821, Bolívar and Páez; crushed the last important Spanish force at the battle of Carabobo. Venezuela was free and part of the Gran Colombia.

29. Battle of Boyaca Generals: Simon Bolivar & Francisco Santander
Where & When? Near Boyaca River in Colombia (New Grenada)-August 1819
Why? There was less opposition in New Grenada than in Venezuela where he had been fighting!
What happened?
Bolivar crossed Andes Mtns (losing 1/3 of his army!) aiming for Bogota and surprise in attacking.
Bolivar surrounds and cuts off main Spanish Army Spanish Casualties v. 63 Patriots
Spanish Royalists & Government fled-leaving treasury behind
Outcomes?
One of Bolivar’s greatest triumphs-broke stalemate and gave an advantage to Bolivar
Bolivar had money to return to Venezuela—Battle of Carabobo

30. Battle of Carabobo Generals: Bolivar with Sucre & Paez
Where & When? Northern Venezuela; June 24, 1821
Why? Royalists still seeking to maintain Spanish American Empire (indep. Declared in 1811)
What happened?
Bolivar divided his 6500 troops (including foreign mercenaries from Ireland, Wales, and Great Britain) to face 4000 Royalists
Royalist Army is routed-so bad that only 400 troops remain
Casualties 1 patriot for 15 royalists!
Outcomes?
Will lead to final battle for Venezuelan Independence (Lake Maracaibo)
Beginning of the end of the Spanish in Venezuela-indep in 1823!
Remarkable one-sided battle!

31. 12. With the helped of Antonio Jose Sucre, Ecuador and Panama (will become part of Colombia-remember this!!) were free. Ecuador, Venezuela, Colombia and Panamá formed the Gran Colombia.

32. Liberation of Argentina, Chile, Perú
1.Argentina was governed by a Creole party
since the defeat of the British invasion in
When the French took power in
Spain, the Argentine congress deposed
the viceroy and established a Junta.
2. In 1814 the Argentine Junta subdued
Montevideo, but met the resistance of the
gauchos led by José Gervasio Artigas
who demanded an autonomy. The resistance ended when Artigas fled to

33. Paraguay after Brazilian forces claimed
Uruguay for Brazil. Uruguay did not achieve
independence until 1828.
3. In Paraguay Dr. José Francisco Francia led the Creole party that deposed the Spanish forces. He became the country’s
first president and dictator.
4. In Argentina a national assembly enacted
a series of reforms as the abolition of mita,
encomienda, titles of nobility, and the In-
quisition (1813). Independence was
declared in 1816.

34. Jose de San Martin Simple, modest man.
Born in Argentina, spent time in Spain as military officer.
One of the greatest military strategists in Latin America
Hands control of his forces to Bolivar and leaves for Spain after many victories!

35. Bernardo O’Higgins Educated in Europe
Father was Gov of Chile & Viceroy of Peru
Worked with Miranda & San Martin
Involved in politics & Military
Supreme Director of Chile

36. 5. In 1816, José de San Martín proposed a
marched over the Andes to liberate Chile,
where the Spanish had toppled the revo- lutionary regime established by Bernardo O’Higgins
6. After training and recruiting many blacks and mulatto volunteers in 1817 he crossed the Andes. With the defeat of the Spanish army in Chacabuco and Maipú, O’Higgins assumed his position and San Martín began to prepare an attack by sea on Lima.

37. Battle of Chacabuco Key Generals: San Martin & O’Higgins
Location & When: Chile, 1817
Why? Expel Spain from Chile & unify the independence movement in Chile under O’Higgins
What happened?
O’Higgins & San Martin led 5,000 troops for 20 days over the Andes Mtns (lost 2,000) to meet 1,500 Spaniards
Spain driven out—San Martin seen as the liberator of Chile and elected Governor (declines)
O’Higgins becomes Governor of Chile
Leads to Battle of Maipu

38. Battle of Maipu Key Generals: San Martin & O’Higgins
Where & When: Chile, 1818 near Maipu River
Why? Spanish with Royalists moved back into Chile towards Santiago
What happened?
San Martin allowed the Spanish to cross the Maipu River against the advice of his generals (including French generals)
4,000 Chileans v. 6,000 Spanish and Royalists
San Martin’s Trap=Rout and massacres the Spanish/Royalists (4200 casualties v Chilean)
Outcomes:
Largest Spanish Army in Southern part of South America is crushed
Chile is independent—leads to invasion of Peru
San Martin is seen as one of the best military minds in Latin America!

39. 7. He secured ships from England and the United States and Lord Thomas Cochrane
organized the patriot navy.
8. In 1821 San Martín entered Lima and proclaimed the independence of Perú but
victory was not completed due to factional
opposition.
9. In 1822 he met with Bolívar in Guayaquil after their meeting San Martín retired from public life.

40. Lima, Peru

41. a) differences – San Martín favored monarchy as a solution to the chaos in Perú; Bolívar favored a republican – oligarchy
government.
10. All Spanish resistance ends in 1824, when Juan Antonio de Sucre defeated the Spanish forces in the final battle of
Ayacucho.
****Spanish South America was liberated.

42. Battle of Ayachuco Who? Simon Bolivar & Sucre
When & Where? Near Quinua, Peru; December 9, 1824 (Peruvian Indep. Day!)
Why? Ayachuco was the last territory held by the Spaniards
What happened? Short battle that ensured independence for the rest of South America!
Importance?
Spaniards agree to leave Peru
Marked the independence of Latin America!!

43. San Martin sailed for Europe and died on French soil in 1850.
Dec 9, 1824, Bolivar defeated Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho.

44. Bolivar
San Martin

45. Gran Colombia, 1820-1830 Bolivar’s vision of a united South America.
Present-day Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and Panama.
Short-lived due to dissension amongst various factions.
Bolivar resigned in 1828.
In 1830, Bolivar’s Gran Colombia divided into Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
Panama later split from Colombia with US assistance, 1903.

46. Mexico
Indians and mestizos, not creoles, played the key role in independence movements.
Creoles sided with Spain to avoid violence of lower-class rebellions (until 1820).

47. Miguel Hidalgo A village priest, believed in Enlightenment ideals.
1810, called for revolution.
Grito de Dolores (call for revolution)
Hidalgo’s Indian and mestizo followers marched to Mexico City.
Spanish army and creoles acted against Hidalgo and defeated him in 1811.

48. Jose Maria Morelos Took leadership after Hidalgo’s defeat.
Defeated by creoles.

49. 4. Another priest Jose María Morelos assumed command of the revolutionary army. Sensitive to the problems of the rural areas he ordered an end of slavery and tribute, the end of the rental community lands.
5, In 1813 he convened a congress at Chilpancingo and declared Mexico’s
independence. ( Nov.6,1813)
6. With the returned of Ferdinand VII to power the Spanish forces reorganized and in 1815 Morelos was captured and executed.

50. 7. In 1814 Ferdinand VII was restored to the
throne. In Mexico people were divided some wanted to continue the fight for
independence others wanted to seek an
accomodation with Spain. In 1820 as an army of 14,000 was bound for L.A. to put down
the rebel forces a new liberal government
took control in Spain.
8. The liberal government wanted to
negotiate a settlement with the rebel forces.

51. 9. Most creoles perceived that the new government could not offer them any new benefits they could not achieve by themselves.
10. Rebel forces in Mexico were under the leadership of Vicente Guerrero. The Loyalist Creole General Agustín Iturbide combined his forces with Guerrero and together issued the Plan de Iguala in February According to
the Plan, Mexico would become a monarchy, Catholicism would remain as the only official religion, and all Mexicans would enjoy equality under the law.

52. 11. In September of 1821 Guerrero and Iturbide’s forces declared Mexico’s inde-
pendence. In May 1822 Congress proclai-
med Iturbide emperor of Mexico with the
title of Agustín I.
12. Iturbide was not able to unify the country
13. Wealthy Creoles and the army resented his power, and Spaniards wanted a prince with royal bloodline.
14. He resorted to repressive to enforce his
authority causing more hostility to his

53. regime. In December of 1822 Colonel
Antonio López de Santa Anna moved against Iturbide and in March 1823 he ab-
dicated his thrown.
15. He agree to leave the country and never
to return. He would be shot when he tried to return to Mexico from exile.
16. Mexico would become a federal republic
with General Guadalupe Victoria as its first president.

54. Mexican Independence, 1821
1820 revolution in Spain put a liberal government in power.
Mexican creoles feared loss of influence, so they united against Spain.
Agustin Iturbide declared himself emperor, but was overthrown.
1824: Establishment of the Mexican Republic.

55. Mexico's Congress then followed the wishes of the liberals and began to write a constitution for a federal republic. But the criollos still disagreed on how the constitution should be written. Conservatives wanted a strong central government and wanted Roman Catholicism to be the national religion, as it had been under Spanish rule. Liberals wanted the central government to have less power and the states more, and they called for freedom of religion. The groups finally reached a compromise, though many conservative criollos did not support it. In 1824, Mexico became a republic with a president and a two-house Congress heading the national government, and governors and legislatures heading the states. Guadalupe Victoria, a follower of Hidalgo and Morelos, became the first president.

56. Brazil
Bloodless Revolution

57. Portuguese Rule
Treaty of Tordesillas of 1494 divided the Atlantic between Spain and Portugal.
Portugal was mostly focused on routes to Asia in the 15th and 16th centuries.

58. Brazilian Independence
In 1807, Napoleon marched on Iberian peninsula, forcing Portuguese royal family of King John VI to escape to Brazil, Portugal’s largest colony.
From 1807 to 1815, Brazil was center of Portuguese empire.

59. Brazilian Independence - 1822
Background
1. In 1808, two days before the French cap-
ture Lisbon, the King Joao VI and the entire
royal court of 15,000 transferred to Brazil with the
escort of the British navy. Rio de Janeiro was
turned into the capital of the Portuguese
Empire. After the defeat of Napoleon, King
Joao remained in Brazil.

60. With defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Portugal wanted Brazil to become a colony again.
-In 1816 Brazil was elevated to a kingdom co-equal with Portugal.
-In 1820 a liberal revolution took place in
Portugal and the Cortes ( the Portuguese
Parliament) demanded that the King retur-
ned home or risk losing his throne. In 1821
he returned leaving his 22 years old son
Dom Pedro as Prince Regent of Brazil.
-By 1822, creoles demanding independence signed a petition asking Portugal’s prince, Dom Pedro, to rule Brazil.

61. On Sept 7, 1822, Dom Pedro agreed, and declared Brazil’s independence
On September of 1822 on the banks of the River Ipiranga Dom Pedro shouted,
“Long live independence, liberty, and the
separation of Brazil”. (Grito de Ipiranga)

62. In December of 1822 Dom Pedro was crowned Emperor of Brazil.
8. The Brazilian movement of independence from Portugal had drawn its strength from
the most important provinces of the centre-
south- Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo. Mina Gerais. Pernambuco, where the Brazilian dominant class was anti-Portuguese quickly recognized the independence of the Brazilian empire.

63. 9. To incorporate under the empire some of the northern provinces who were pro- Por- tugal Dom Pedro enlisted the service of Lord Thomas Cochrane to organized a Brazilian naval squadron for the blockade of Bahia. A Portuguese convoy of war- ships and troops had been in Bahia before Brazil’s independence. With Lord Cochrane forces and the British South American Squadron the Portuguese navy and troops left Bahia. Bahia was now under the control of Brazil. 10. Days later the provinces of Maranhao and Pará became part of the empire.

64. 11. In 1824 Portuguese troops left Montevi-
deo and the Cisplatine ( Uruguay) province joined the independent Brazilian empire.
12. Brazil also signed a highly favorable commercial treaty with Britain.
Emperor Pedro I, emulated Napoleon and unified various elements of Brazil.
Pedro’s political and personal problems led to a decline in his popularity.
1889, Brazilians overthrew Pedro’s successor and declared their country a republic.

65. United Provinces of Central America
Several other Central American states declared their independence from both Spain and Mexico to create the United Provinces of Central America.

66. By 1841, United Provinces of Central America had split into republics of El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras.
Conservative clergy and wealthy landowners resisted liberal, democratic reforms.
Inability to agree to terms of a canal cost it much-needed revenue.

67. Period of Consolidation, 1825-1850
Breakdown of original nations and groups:
Gran Colombia
an original union between Bolivia and Peru
United Provinces of Central America
Instability of internal politics
Bolivia experienced 60 revolts and coups.
Venezuela experienced 52 revolts and coups
Liberals - free trade, representative govt, federal government system
Conservatives - protect church and upper classes
controlled most regimes between 1830 and 1870.
Independence movements and new governments run by Creoles
Spanish administrators had excluded Creoles from political leadership, so few leaders could actually run a government.

68. Growing significant role of the military
Stepped in to fill admin positions where inexperienced Creoles failed.
Often drawn from independence armies.
Possessed organization skills
Gained support of Creole landowners and church officials eager to suppress peasant unrest.
Often faced revolts and coups, too.
Military hierarchy helped compensate for weakly developed civil administrations.

69. Achievements
Expansion of education system, open new lands to settlement, abolish slavery.
Stability in foreign affairs - map fixed after 1850
In 1820, Britain established Uruguay as a buffer between Argentina and Brazil
US provoked the only major changes
Mexican-American War, Cuba, Panama

70. Dictators in Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia
Late 19th century Trends: Strongman Rule, Liberalism, commercial development
Dictators in Venezuela, Mexico, Colombia
Caudillo = strongman leader
Relied on force
outlawed opposition, regulated schools and newspapers
used jails, police and firing squads
often corrupt
sometimes supported liberal policies
Liberal governments return to power
Even strongmen often supported “liberal” policies
regular elections, but with restricted voting rights (oligarchic democracies)

71. Trend towards Commercial Development
Mining
Estate agriculture (Shift from plantation)
Extension of road and rail networks.
Foreign investment.
Immigration.
End of slavery in 1880s
Leads to new demand for labor
Argentina’s policies encouraging immigration led to 3/4 of the pop foreign-born.

72. Results of Latin American Independence Movements
Political/Social:
Continued battles between liberals, conservatives and the military over how to best rule.
Tensions between articulate political forces and the separate masses.
Economic:
Unable to free itself from dependence on Western-controlled economic patterns.
Cultural/intelligent:
Distinct cultural entity
combination of Western styles and values plus its racial diversity, colonial past, and social structure of a semi-colonial economy.

73. The emergence of new nations.
Results of the Latin America Wars for Independence. What changed, if anything?
The emergence of new nations.
National unity was not achieved because of regional/ national rivalries, jealousy, geography, lack of economic contacts, and political and ideological rivalries from the colonial capitals ( particularly the capitals of Mexico and Lima).
2. Nor there was any significant prospect of
obtaining better terms of trade or investment by presenting a united front against the Europeans or the United States.

74. 2. Considerable loss of live and destruction of property and changes in the social
environment. The flight of Peninsular Spaniards and Creole loyalists changed the social and political structure and allowed for confiscated property to be sold or given to deserving patriots.
3. Legal discrimination on the basis of race
ended but social and economic discrimina-
tion remained, but there was up mobility to
those successful “generals” of any class.

75. 4. Economic power remained concentrated
in the hands of the Creole upper class. This
dominant minority would now make political
decisions in terms of national class interest.
5. The new nations were still dependent on external economic forces because of the lack of capital. Creole national leaders
continued producing and exporting primary commodities [sugar, coffee].
6. A fundamental change was the establishment of free trade. [ shift from Spain to Great Britain ]

76. 7. Decapitalization. Most liquid capital fled
Latin America with the Loyalists. Foreign
investment declined significantly but there was an increased in foreign loans. English
and other foreign merchants brought in
consumer goods that created deficit.
8. An increase in the power and prestige of the military. The military assumed a central role and became a way of upward mobility for people of lesser economic status.

77. A reduction in the power of the Church. The Inquisition was ended.
10. The decline of slavery. Several factors contributed to this: the recruitment of slaves for military service during the wars
for independence, the abolition of slave trade, and the introduction of the principle of free birth [except in Paraguay and Brazil].
-New freedmen gain little with the introduc-
tion of debt peonage.

78. Latin American Independence Movements, 18th & 19th C.