1. L1-S1 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU -- CmpE Database Design Dr. M.E. Fayad, Professor Computer Engineering Department, Room #283I College of Engineering San José State University One Washington Square San José, CA 95192-0180 http://www.engr.sjsu.edu/~fayad

2. L1-S2 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad 2 Lesson 1: Infinite Relational Database

3. L1-S3 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Lesson Objectives 3 Understand Infinite Relational Databases Explore the view level Understand the logical view Abstract Data Type

4. L1-S4 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Data Abstraction- allows people to forget unimportant details –View Level – a way of presenting data to a –group of users –Logical Level – how data is understood to be when writing queries 4 Infinite Relational Databases

5. L1-S5 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad The highest level of data abstraction is the view level A view is a way of presenting data to a particular group of users. Data Presentation may depend on users preferences. Each view has to be functional for the users. This means that when designing a view we must keep in mind the functions to be preformed on the data. 5 The View Level

6. L1-S6 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad View level presentation of the data: Science, Art, or both (discussion) We will illustrate examples from different computer fields, such as computer graphics, for view level presentation of complex data, especially spatiotemporal data, such as realistic display of images and movies. 6 The View Level

7. L1-S7 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Examples: –Charts –Graphs –Drawings –Maps –Video or Animation 7 The View Level Examples? What is a view? What is a model? What are the differences between a model and a view?

8. L1-S8 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Example: Infinite relational data model Relation – table (Each table has a name and defines a relation) Relational scheme – top row / list of attributes (The top row of a table is called an attribute name) (The ordered set of attributes of a table is called a relation scheme.) Arity or dimension – number of attributes of a relation (We will use arity and dimension interchangeably with a preference for dimension in the case of spatiotemporal relations.) 8 The Logical Level

9. L1-S9 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Example: Infinite relational data model Database schema – set of relation names and schemes Tuple / Point – each row below the scheme (we will use these two terms interchangeably with a preference for point in the case of spatiotemporal relations. Instance – the set of tuples in a table (Each row describes an instance of the scheme.) (Please remember a relation schemes are usually fixed while a relation instances may change over time due to database updates.) 9 The Logical Level

10. L1-S10 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad 10 Example (1) SSNWagesInterestCapital Gain 123-45-6789100,0003,4000 987-65-432183,6402,8213,400 567-89-012346,0005011,200

11. L1-S11 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Name the relations! What is arity of each relation? What is the relation scheme of each relation? What is the database scheme? How many tupls in each of the relation? How many instances of each of these relations? 11 Example (2)

12. L1-S12 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Relation schemes are usually fixed Relation instances change with updates Example Scheme: Taxrecord(SSN,Wages,Interest,Capital_gain) Taxtable(Income,Tax) 12 Relation schemes & Instances (1)

13. L1-S13 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Example: Streets(Name, X, Y ) Streets contains pairs of street names and (x,y) points such that the point belongs to the street. There are an infinite number of (x, y) locations associated with each street. Example: Crops(Corn,Rye,Sunflower, Wheat) Crops contains all possible combinations of four crops that a farmer could plant. There are an infinite number of tuples in any instance of this relation. Relation schemes & Instances (2)

14. L1-S14 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad  Other examples:  Temporal Data  Spatial Data  Operations Research 14 Infinite Relational Data Model

15. L1-S15 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad In many application areas of machine learning and data mining, researchers face challenges entailed by temporal and spatial data. What are the differences between temporal and spatial data? 15 Temporal & Spatial Data

16. L1-S16 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad 16 Temporal Data Type (1) The user-defined temporal data type is a time representation specially designed to meet the specific needs of the user. For example, the designers of a database used for class scheduling in a school might be based on a "Year:Term:Day:Period" format. Terms belonging to a user-defined temporal data type get the same query language support as do terms belonging to built-in temporal data types such as the DATE data type.

17. L1-S17 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad  A temporal database is a database that supports some aspect of time, not counting user-defined time. user-defined time 17 Temporal Databases

18. L1-S18 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad  The spatiotemporal is used to indicate that the modified concept concerns simultaneous support of some aspect of time and some aspect of space, in one or more dimensions. 18 Spatiotemporal

19. L1-S19 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Domain – range of values for an attribute. – string, integers or real numbers Scalar Domain – always a single value – (ex: string, integer or real number) Abstract data type domains – composed of scalar domains. 19 Abstract Data Types (1)

20. L1-S20 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Example: Vertices(Cities) The domain of Cities is a set of strings. Example: Streets(Name, Extent) The domain of Extent is a set of (x,y) points. 20 Abstract Data Types (2)

21. L1-S21 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad T/F: a. A view is a way of presenting data to a particular group of users. b. Any relation can be presented by multiple views c. Arity = the number of columns in the relation. d. An instance = any row of a relation e. Spatial database is a database that supports some aspect of time, not counting f. Spatial data in the form of two- or three-dimensional images. g. Spatial data is any information about the location and shape of, and relationships among, geographic features. This includes remotely sensed data as well as map data. 21 Discussion Questions

22. L1-S22 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Constraint Databases Relational Algebra and SQL 22 Questions for the Next Lecture

23. L1-S23 Infinite R-DB 2003 SJSU – CmpE --- M.E. Fayad Task 1: Assignment #1 Task 2: Read Chapter 2: Constraint Database 23 Tasks for Next Lecture