2. Unit 4/Ch. 7 Cells

3. Introduction to Cells and the Cell Theory

4. Discovery of the Cell

5. Robert Hook (1665) Was the first to see cells…cork cells that is! They look like tiny empty rooms!

6. Antwon Van Leeuwenhoek (1674) First to see living cells! I saw tiny moving things! They must be alive!

7. Matthias Schleiden (1839) German Botanist All plants are made of cells!

8. Theodore Schwann (1839) All animals are made of cells! German Zoologist

9. Rudolf Virchow (1855) Stated that cells come from pre- existing cells. (Living things come from other living things!)

10. The Cell Theory All living things are composed of cells. Cells are the basic units of life. New cells come from existing cells.

11. Exploring Cells using Microscopes Purpose is to see a variety of cells and the differences.

12. The Compound light Microscope Light passes through specimen Can be used to observe living things Can’t be used to observe molecules or viruses Image from: www. Biologycorner.com

13. Light microscope image of amoeba Magnified 100x

14. Light microscope image of cheek cells

15. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Beam of electrons scan surface of specimen 3-D image Views only dead specimen

16. SEM image of housefly

17. SEM of spider

18. Total Magnification = Eyepiece x Objective

19. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Notes

20. Prokaryotes Small Simplest Evolved first Less Complex Genetic material (DNA) NOT contained in a nucleus Example: Bacteria cells

21. Eukaryotes Larger More complex Membrane bound structures Genetic material is in a nucleus Examples Include: protist, fungi, plant, and animal cells Image from: www.daviddarling.info/images/cell_structure.jpg

22. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes Both Cell membrane Ribosomes DNA & RNA Prokaryotes have circular DNA called plasmids Eukaryotes have DNA in the Nucleus

23. Prokaryote & Eukaryote Size Comparison Prokaryotic cells are smaller than Eukaryotic cells.

24. Image from: www.phschool.com/.../images/cells/allcell.jpg

25. Exit Ticket 1.How is the total magnification power of a light microscope determined? 2.List the three parts of the cell theory. 3.What structure is found in eukaryotic cells that is not found in prokaryotic cells? 4.Give an example of a prokaryotic and a eukaryotic cell. 5.Name three things that ALL cells have.

26. Prokaryote and Eukaryote Drawings Draw, Color, Label and Descriptions Figure 7.2 A & B and Size Comparison Chart, Page 174 Write the Questions and Answers 1.Which is larger in size? (prokaryote/eukaryote) 2.Define prokaryote and eukaryote. 3.List 2 things they have in common. 4.List 2 differences they have.

27. Cell Parts and Functions

28. Prokaryote & Eukaryote Recap Prokaryote---No true nucleus, smaller than eukaryotes, simple, no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA strands called plasmids, example: bacteria Eukaryote--- True nucleus, larger than prokaryotes, complex, membrane bound organelles, DNA found in nucleus, example: plant and animal cells Both---Ribosomes, DNA/RNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane

29. Organelles “little organs” Specialized structures inside EUKARYOTIC cells –each structure has a job to do Model Animal Cell They’re like mini-organs!

30. Cytoplasm “Jello” Gel-like substance holds the organelles in place Image from: www.cs.utexas.edu

31. Function –separates cell from outside –Maintains homeostasis (semi-permeable) –controls what enters or leaves cell –recognizes signals from other cells allows communication between cells Structure (lipids & proteins) –double layer of fat phospholipid bilayer proteins Cell membrane “Gatekeeper” lipid “tail” phosphate “head”

32. Nucleus “Brain” Contains cell’s DNA in the form of chromatin Chromatin forms chromosomes during cell division Surrounded by nuclear envelope contains small dense nucleolus (site of ribosome) synthesis) Image from: www.cs.utexas.edu/.../src/images/nucleus.jpg Nuclear envelope nucleolus

33. Ribosomes “Protein Factory” Site of protein synthesis Image from: Genetics Education, Murdoch Children's Medical Research Institute

34. Endoplasmic Reticulum “Transportation System” Rough ER – studded with ribosomes –Makes and transports lipids and proteins Smooth ER – no ribosomes –Contains enzymes which make lipids

35. GOLGI BODY (APPARATUS/COMPLEX) “Post Office” Pancake- like membrane stacks Sorts, and packages proteins for transport out of cell

36. LYSOSOMES “Garbage Disposal” Membrane bound sacs that contain digestive enzymes. They digest food or get rid of unwanted cell parts. www.emc.maricopa.edu/.../BIOBK/lysosomes.gif

37. Vacuoles “Storage” Saclike structures that store water and other materials Large central vacuole in plants Contractile vacuole in single-celled organisms (paramecium) Image from: Benjamin Cummins Inc.

38. Mitochondria “Powerhouse” Converts chemical energy in food into a useable form for the cell. (ATP) Contains its own DNA Cristae (folded inner membrane) INCREASES SURFACE AREA FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION DURING AEROBIC CELLULAR RESPIRATION

39. Mitochondria are in both cells!! animal cells plant cells mitochondria chloroplast

40. Chloroplast “Photosynthesis” Capture solar energy and converts it into chemical energy (Glucose) during photosynthesis Found in plant cells Contains its own DNA

41. CELL WALL “Support/Protect” Outside of cell membrane. Found in plant, algae, fungi, and prokaryotic cells. Plant cell walls made of cellulose.

42. PLANT CELLS Cell wall Chloroplasts Bigger vacuoles No centrioles

43. Proteins do all the work! cells DNA proteins one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… one of the major job of cells is to make proteins, because… proteins do all the work! signals structural enzymes receptors DNA codes for proteins which are assembled by the ribosomes and used as enzymes for energy production at the mitochondria.

44. central vacuole  storage: food, water or waste mitochondria  make ATP in cellular respiration chloroplast  make ATP & sugars in photosynthesis cell wall  support cell membrane  cell boundary  controls movement of materials in & out  recognizes signals nucleus  control cell  protects DNA ribosomes  make proteins cytoplasm  jelly-like material around organelles

45. PLANT CELLS Cell wall Chloroplasts Bigger vacuoles No centrioles

46. What structures do Animal Cells lack? Plant cells?

47. Exit Ticket 1.What cell organelle in an animal cell is responsible for maintaining homeostasis? 2.What is the primary function of a plant cell’s vacuole? 3.What two organic molecules make up the cell membrane? 4.What organelle in the cell is the site of protein synthesis? 5.What is the primary function of cytoplasm in plant and animal cells?

48. Give Me 5 Plant Cell & Animal Cell Directions: Trace your hand, using a pencil, on the sheet of paper provided and cut it out. One side will be for a Plant Cell and the other side will be for an Animal Cell. On each finger(5), write one of the organelles listed and give its function. Draw each organelle in the palm of each hand to create a cell. Be creative and color each side. Organelles: Plant Cell – Cell Wall, Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Large Vacuole, Chloroplast, Endoplasmic Reticulum Animal Cell – Nucleus, Mitochondria, Cytoplasm, Vacuole, Cell Membrane, Centrioles, Lysosomes An example is on the board This will be a project Grade

49. Specialized Cells Notes

50. Where do you think cells are located in our body? – EVERYWHERE!!! – Humans are made up of cells that work together and build muscle, bones, skin, and other organs.

51. All living things are made of building blocks called CELLS. Humans, plants, animals, and bacteria are made up of one or many cells.

52. Cells are incredibly small – so small that microscopes are needed to magnify them so that we can see them.

53. Specialized Cells 50 – 75 Trillion cells in your body 220 specialized cells –Heart –Nerve –Blood –Sperm –E tc. Why different?

54. Specialized Cell A cell that has a particular structure and performs a specific function Each type has unique shape, size and features allowing it to do its job accurately

55. Cell Differentiation All cells begin undifferentiated/non- specialized Differentiation: specific parts of DNA are activated “turned on”; Parts of DNA that are activated determine the function and specialized structure of a cell All cells in an organism contain the same DNA

56. Specialized Cells

57. The cells in animals are not all identical. They perform specific functions, such as delivering oxygen and fighting disease, moving the skeleton, storing energy or coordinating the whole body.

58. Plant cells also have a variety of specialized cells. Cells in the leaf of a tree have a different structure and function from the cells in the trunk.

59. Example: Trachea Cilia (don’t copy into notes) Specialized cells have physical and chemical differences that allow each type to perform one job very well.Specialized cells These cells help keep dirt out of the lungs. –The orange goblet cells secrete mucus –The hair-like extensions (called cilia) move the mucus along the trachea to remove inhaled dust and dirt.

60. Ear Cells (Do Not Write in Your Notes) – have cilia – tiny hairs on inner ear cells that pick up vibrations in the air and send signal to brain.

61. Examples: 1.Red Blood Cell – Round edges to travel in blood vessels easier – No nucleus = more room to carry O 2 and CO 2

62. Red Blood Cells

63. 2. Leukocytes (White Blood Cells-WBC) – Defends the body against both infections, diseases, and foreign materials.

64. White Blood Cells

65. 3. Sperm Cells The head contains enzymes which allow it to digest into an egg cell and join with it. Head contains enzymes & nucleus Tail Designed to Fertilise eggs. A sperm is small and has a long tail that provides movement so it can swim and find an egg cell. Found in the Testes

66. Sperm Cells

67. 4. Nerve Cell – Long, skinny arms to send messages quickly over long distances

68. The Nerve Cell

69. 5. Muscle Cell – Long, skinny cells that lengthen and shorten to move muscles

70. Muscle Cells

71. 6. Fat Cells – stores fat droplets in the bulk of their volume for use as energy

72. Fat Cells

73. 7. Bone Cells – gives strength, support, and framework to the body by forming the skeletal system

74. Bone Cells

75. Review 1: All living things are made of cells. 2: Cells are very small. 3: Cells divide and make more cells to help us grow. 4: All cells have the same basic parts to do specific tasks. 5: There are many different types of cells in our body doing many different jobs. 6: Cells form organs, which form organ systems.

76. Attach the Chart in your Notebook Add COLOR

77. Exit Ticket 1.Approximately how many cells make up the human body? 2.Which cells do not have a nucleus and this allows the cells room to carry more CO 2 and O 2 ? 3.Which cells have l ong, skinny arms to send messages quickly over long distances? 4.(True/False) All cells begin undifferentiated. 5.(True/False) All cells in an organism contain the same DNA.

78. Stem Cells Unspecialized cells that divide quickly and do not have a particular function yet.

79. Only stem cells can differentiate into one or more types of specialized cells.

80. Where are Stem Cells?

81. Embryonic Cells Have not yet differentiated into various cell types are called embryonic stem cells.

82. Stem cells found in organisms, for instance in bone marrow, are called adult stem cells.

83. Scientist have recently demonstrated that stem cells, both embryonic and adult, with the right laboratory culture conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.

84. Cord Blood Cell Banking? The blood found in an umbilical cord immediately after the birth of a child is a rich source of stem cells. These stem cells can develop into various kinds of blood cells. The blood collected from the cord can be banked (or stored) in the event it is needed later in the child’s or a sibling’s life.

85. How can Stem Cells be Used? For diseases such as leukemia, stem cells collected from healthy blood can be injected into a patient’s blood after the diseased cells have been killed. The healthy cells then grow in the patient’s bone marrow and produce healthy, cancer-free blood cells. http://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/stemcells.html http://youtu.be/O5r-T6ANKto

86. Attach the Chart in your Notebook Do the Current Research on the bottom of your notes.

87. Exit Ticket 1.What are stem cells? 2.Where are adult stem cells found in the body? 3.(True/False) Stem cells can develop into any type of cell. 4.What determines the type of cell that an unspecialized cell will become? 5.Name one place embryonic cells are found.

88. Specialized CellsDrawings Draw, Color, Label and Descriptions. Write the Questions and Answers. Paramecium: Figure 19.5, Page 507 1.A pair of ___ ___ pump out excess water. 2.Paramecium are (unicellular/multicellular). 3.Paramecium can move by beating its ___. Amoeba: Figure 19.2 A, B & C, Page 505 1.What does a pseudopod mean? 2.Explain how an Amoeba eats. 3.In which organelle does photosynthesis occur? Euglena: Figure 19.8, Page 511 1.What is the purpose of an eyespot? 2.Which organelle is used by the Euglena?