1. Chapter 34 Circulation

2. Functions of Blood Blood Mobile transports oxygen and nutrients to cells carries carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells helps stabilize internal pH carries infection-fighting cells helps equalize temperature

3. Components of Blood

4. Plasma 90% water Solvent fat soluble vitamins glucose lipids amino acids hormones oxygen carbon dioxide

5. Erythrocytes most numerous cells in the blood transport oxygen and carbon dioxide colored red by oxygen-binding pigment (hemoglobin) have no nucleus when mature

6. Erythrocytes formed in red bone marrow of skull, ribs, vertebrae live for 120 days destroyed by liver and spleen erythropoietin produced by kidneys stimulates production of RBC’s drug to help with anemia abused by athletes

7. White blood cells Leukocytes (White Cells)

8. Leukocytes function in housekeeping and defense

9. Leukocytes 5 cell types neutrophils most common amoeboid  phagocytize foreign material monocytes large phagocytizing cells  release wbc growth factors pus  thick yellowish fluid  dead wbc’s that fought infection

10. Leukocytes lymphocytes T-cells  attack cells that contain viruses B-cells  produces antibodies against antigens eosinphils granular release enzymes for fighting parasites and destroying allergens

11. Leukocytes basophils least common prevent blood from clotting too quickly contains vasodilator histamine  increases blood flow to the tissues

13. Platelets membrane-bound cell fragments derived from megakaryocytes which arise from stem cells release substances that initiate blood clotting live 5 – 9 days

14. Hemostasis

15. PLATELETS blood vessel spasm, platelet plug formation, blood coagulation clotting mechanism prothrombin is converted to thrombin in the presence of Ca fibrinogen is converted to fibrin fibrin forms net that entangles cells and platelets temporary plasmin  destroys fibrin clot and restores fluidity of plasma

16. Platelet plug Collagen fibers Platelets Clotting factors from: Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Fibrin Thrombin Fibrinogen Prothrombin Enzymatic cascade Fibrin clot formation 1 23

18. Vessel anatomy Blood Vessels

19. arteries main transporters of oxygenated blood arterioles diameter is adjusted to regulate blood flow capillaries diffusion occurs across thin walls

20. Diffusion Zone capillary beds are the site of exchange between blood and interstitial fluid capillary is a single sheet of epithelial cells flow is slow allows gasses to diffuse across membranes of blood cells and across endothelium

21. The Venous System blood flows from capillaries into venules, then on to veins veins are large-diameter vessels with some smooth muscle in wall valves in some veins prevent blood from flowing backward

22. Vein function Vein Function

23. arteries / veins have 3 distinct layers outer layer fibrous (loose or dense) connective tissue middle layer smooth muscle and elastic tissue inner most layer endothelium  squamous epithelium

24. Types of circulatory systems Circulatory Systems

25. Vertebrate Systems fish two-chambered heart pumps blood through one circuit amphibians heart pumps blood through two partially separate circuits birds and mammals four-chambered heart pumps blood through two entirely separate circuits

26. Circulatory systems Circulatory Systems

27. Pulmonary Circuit Short loop that oxygenates blood right pulmonary arteryleft pulmonary artery capillary bed of right lung pulmonary trunk capillary bed of left lung (to systemic circuit) pulmonary veins lungs (from systemic circuit) heart

28. Systemic Circuit Longer loop that carries blood to and from body tissues capillary beds of head and upper extremities (to pulmonary circuit) aorta (from pulmonary circuit) heart capillary beds of other organs in thoracic cavity capillary bed of liver capillary beds of intestines

29. Blood Circulation

30. Hepatic Portal System carries blood from capillaries in digestive organs to capillaries in the liver allows liver to detoxify substances from digestive tract before they are carried to the body

31. jugular veins superior vena cava pulmonary veins hepatic portal vein renal vein inferior vena cava iliac veins femoral vein carotid arteries ascending aorta pulmonary arteries coronary arteries renal artery brachial artery abdominal aorta iliac arteries femoral artery Major Vessels

32. Major human blood vessels Major Vessels

33. Functional Connections food, water intake oxygen intake DIGESTIVE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM elimination of carbon dioxide nutrients, water, salts oxygen carbon dioxide CIRCULATORY SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM water, solutes elimination of food residues rapid transport to and from all living cells elimination of excess water, salts, wastes

34. The human heart THE HUMAN HEART

35. Cardiac cycle Cardiac Cycle

36. Conduction and Contraction SA node in right atrium is pacemaker electrical signals cause contraction of atria signal flows to AV node and down septum to ventricles SA node

37. Cardiac conduction Conduction and Contraction

38. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Smoking Genetic factors High cholesterol Obesity Lack of exercise Diabetes mellitus Gender Old Age

39. Hypertension blood pressure above 140/90 tends to be genetic may also be influenced by diet contributes to atherosclerosis “silent killer” - few outward signs

40. Atherosclerosis arteries thicken lose elasticity fill up with cholesterol and lipids high LDL increases risk

41. Examples of ECGs ECGs

42. Impacts, Issues Video And Then My Heart Stood Still

43. Human lymphatic system Lymphoid Organs

44. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM 3 functions Returns excess interstitial fluid to blood Absorbs fat and soluble vitamins Provides a defense against disease and invading organisms 3 components Lymph Lymph vessels Lymph organs

45. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Lymph Lymphatic Nodes (organs) ◦ filter and cleanse the lymph  purifies blood  removes antigens  foreign substance  mount a defense  macrophages, dendritic cells, B and T cells in nodes and spleen mount a defense

46. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ◦ 3 areas  Inguinal  groin  Axillary  armpits  Cervical  neck  No lymph nodes associated with CNS