1. ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS. CHE 106 Chapter Two

2. How has the atomic theory evolved?

4. Dalton’s Atomic Theory: 1. 2. 3. 4.

5. How has the atomic theory evolved? The Law of Constant Composition and Law of Conservation of Mass lead to the: Law of Multiple Proportions:

6. How has the atomic theory evolved?

7. Landmark experiments led to the discover of the electron, mass of the electron and charge on the electron. J.J. Thomson: Cathode Ray Tube Experiments Robert Millikan: Oil Drop Experiment

8. How has the atomic theory evolved? http://www.pixton.com/comic/r17ynu2t

9. How has the atomic theory evolved? Robert Millikan Oil Drop Experiment

10. Cathode Ray Animations http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GzMh4q-2HjM http://www.hscphysics.edu.au/resource/template.swf

11. How has the atomic theory evolved? After J.J. Thomson and Millikan’s experiments, scientists had sufficient evidence to suggest that atoms were made of much smaller particles. No longer believed that the were solid and indivisible. Their work led to the discovery of the negative particles, other scientists’ work led to the discovery of the positive counterpart to the electron: the proton.

12. Radioactivity: Wilhelm Roetgen and Henri Becquerel CRT metal target e beam invisibleradiation(X-rays) X-rays - not affected by magnetic fields - passed thru many materials -produced images on film (ionized Ag emulsions) How has the atomic theory evolved?

13. Henri Bequerel – credited with discovering radioactivity. Uranium and Radioactivity: Curie’s Contribution:

14. How has the atomic theory evolved?

15. Ernest Rutherford: further studied the radioactivity and was able to come up with determine the relative charge and speed of the three types of radioactive particles. Alpha: Beta: Gamma:

16. How has the atomic theory evolved? Gold Foil Experiment Conclusions 1. 2.

17. What is the internal makeup of a modern atom? The charge and size of an atom are two measurements that have been quantified and then simplified for ease of use. Electronic Charge:

18. What is the internal makeup of a modern atom? The size and mass of the atom has been determined experimentally, and units have been assigned to these measurements. Atomic Mass Unit (amu) Angstroms

19. What is the internal makeup of a modern atom? Example: How many gold atoms are there in the post of a gold earring that measures 5.6mm long. A gold atom has a diameter of 1.35 Angstroms. http://www.onemorelevel.com/game/scale_of_the_unive rse_2012

20. What is the internal makeup of a modern atom? Composition of the atom and other related terms: Atomic Number (Z) : Mass Number(A): Isotopic Notation: Atomic Weight:

21. What is the internal makeup of a modern atom? Example 1: Verify that the atomic mass of magnesium is 24.31, given the following: 24 Mg= 23.985042amu, 78.99% 25 Mg= 24.985837 amu, 10.00% 26 Mg= 25.982593, 11.01%

22. What is the internal makeup of a modern atom? Example 2: The atomic mass of lithium is 6.94, the naturally occurring isotopes are 6 Li = 6.015121 amu, and 7 Li = 7.016003 amu. Determine the percent abundance of each isotope

23. How are the elements arranged on the PT Groups: Periods: Naming Schemes:

25. How are the elements arranged on the PT Properties of Metals: Properties of Non-Metals Metalloids:

26. Chemical Nomenclature Types of Formulas: Molecular Formulas: Empirical Formulas: Structural Formulas:

27. Chemical Nomenclature A compound has an molecular formula of C 36 H 36 N 24 O 12. What is the empirical formula?

28. Chemical Nomenclature

30. Cations: Anions: Polyatomic Ions:

31. Chemical Nomenclature

33. Empirical Formula Practice: Sodium and Phosphate: Magnesium and Sulfate Iron (III) and Carbonate

34. Chemical Nomenclature Inorganic (Ionic) Nomenclature Guidelines Cation: *Positive polyatomic ions* Roman Numeral vs. “Common” Names: “ic” vs. “ous”

35. Chemical Nomenclature Guidelines continued… Anions: Negative polyatomic ions / oxyanions: Chlorate Chlorite Hypochlorite Perchlorate Sulfate vs. Hydrogen Sulfate

36. Chemical Nomenclature Ionic Nomenclature Practice FeO NaCl Fe 2 O 3 NaClO 3 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 NaClO 4 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 3 Na 2 O 2

37. Chemical Nomenclature Acid Nomenclature: Cation: Anion: 2 options: For acids where H+ and Single Element:

38. Chemical Nomenclature For acids with H+ and P.A.I “ate” “ic” H 2 SO 4 H 2 S H 2 SO 3 HCl

39. Chemical Nomenclature Inorganic Naming and Writing Practice: 1. Nitrous Acid 2. Hydroiodic Acid 3. H2CO3 4. KMnO4 5. CoS 6. Iron (III) carbonate 7. Sodium Hypobromite

40. Chemical Nomenclature Molecular Nomenclature Guidelines 1. 2. 3. 4.

41. Chemical Nomenclature N2O5 Iodine Heptafluoride Dihydrogen selenide Tetraphosphorous hexoxide

42. Organic Nomenclature Alkanes Substituted Alkanes: Alcohols Isomers:

43. Draw, name and give the formula for the 3 isomers of pentane. What is the alcohol derived from butane? Write the formula, draw the molecule and name.