1. THE KINGDOM OF EGYPT NILE

2. MAP OF EGYPT

3. I. THE GIFT OF THE NILE Nile = “highway” for travel A. The Annual Flood The Nile begins south of Egypt in the highlands. Summer = heavy rains (flood season) Nile floods carry rich topsoil to Egypt each summer. The rain determined the richness of the soil. 2 important gods Hapi, the Nile god Khnemu, the flood god

4. B. Using Mathematics Used geometry to locate each farmer’s field

5. PG. 41 QUICK CHECK: DESCRIBE THE SERIES OF EVENTS THAT HAPPEN WHEN THE NILE RIVER FLOODS. Heavy rains run off the highlands into the Nile. The flood waters cover fields and villages.

6. II. DIVIDED HISTORY Egyptian history is divided into 3 time periods. Old Kingdom (c. 3100 to 2200 B.C.) Middle Kingdom (c. 2100 to 1700 B.C.) New Kingdom (c. 1500 to 1000 B.C.) A. The Pharaoh’s Rule The first pharaoh was called Menes. United Lower and Upper Egypt Pharaoh means “great house” or “palace”. Old Kingdom ended weak rulers

7. B. THE MIDDLE KINGDOM New rulers from the same family Egypt became an empire. Ended with new technology Hyksos Group of people from Western Asia Had horses and chariots Better bows and arrows and battle axes Took over Egypt around 1650 B.C.

8. C. The New Kingdom Pharaoh Ahmose I and his army defeated the Hyksos. Ruled the large empire, including the Fertile Crescent D. Unusual Rulers Hatshepsut Ruled in 1503 B.C. First female pharaoh Egypt was peaceful and grew rich from trade. Amenhotep IV Worshipped only one god called Aten Changed his name to Akhenaton to honor Aten Hated by priests and followers of many gods

9. Ramses II Ruled for 67 years Moved the capital back to the Nile Delta Built rock temple at Abu Simbel in Upper Egypt

10. PG. 43 QUICK CHECK WHAT EFFECT DID NEW WEAPON TECHNOLOGY HAVE ON THE MIDDLE KINGDOM? New technology helped the Hyksos conquer the middle kingdom of Egypt.

11. III. WRITING WITH PICTURES Hieroglyphics Pictures or symbols that represent sounds, ideas, or objects Located on walls and monuments The scribes controlled this writing system. Egyptians called it “the words of god” The scribes taught hieroglyphics to students. Boys started school at 10. Paper = papyrus Plant - grows along the Nile

12. A. BREAKING THE CODE 2 centuries ago, a Frenchmen discovered how to read hieroglyphics. Learned a great deal of information about daily life in Egypt

13. PG. 45 QUICK CHECK HOW ARE HIEROGLYPHICS LIKE AND UNLIKE THE ALPHABET USED IN ENGLISH? Both are symbol systems, but the English alphabet represents letters, and hieroglyphics use pictures to represent ideas, sounds, or objects.