1. Status of FNAL accelerator complex Sergei Nagaitsev 47th Annual Fermilab Users Meeting 11 June 2014

2. Fermilab after the Tevatron Fermilab operates the largest accelerator complex in the U.S., 2 nd largest in the world (even after termination of the Tevatron) Apr 2012 – Sep 2013, ~18 months have been spent in shutdown and commissioning, adapting the accelerator complex after the end of the Tevatron era –Present mission: deliver high-intensity proton beams to explore the Neutrino Sector and rare decays Fermilab accelerators are now ready for the Intensity Frontier program and investments! S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex2

3. What is on our plate? Operating the Fermilab accelerator complex –Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) –Muon Campus projects –Test facilities (magnets, SRF cavities) Projects: Muon g-2, Mu2e, LBNE, MicroBooNE, LCLS-II (at SLAC), PIP-II Programs: MAP, LARP, ILC Research: high-field magnets, high-power targets, SCRF, accelerator R&D towards cost-effective technologies, accelerator science, SC materials, new computational methods, new beam diagnostics, future colliders. Commercialization of our accelerator technologies. S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex3

4. Accelerator Operations Fermilab operates a total of 16 km of accelerators and beamlines A 400-MeV proton linear accelerator (0.15 km) An 8-GeV Booster synchrotron (0.5 km) An 8-GeV accumulator ring (3.3 km) A 120-GeV synchrotron (3.3 km) A Muon Campus Delivery ring (0.5 km) Soon: Muon g-2 ring Transfer lines and fixed target beam lines (8 km) Two high power target stations, several low-power targets And maintains 130 buildings, structures, service bldgs,… S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex4

5. Fermilab Accelerator Complex Linac: NTF, MTA BNB: MicroBooNE NuMI: MINOS+, MINERvA, NOvA Fixed Target: SeaQuest, Test Beam Facility, M-Center Muon: g-2, Mu2e (future) Also, test and R&D facilities: ASTA PXIE CMTF Various cryo test stands S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex5

6. Take-home message Operational excellence is our guiding principle. –24/7 operation, 6-week/year shutdown, ~80% up-time The Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) is crucial to Fermilab accelerator operations –Reliability, availability and proton flux The success of our Intensity Frontier program depends (from accelerator point of view) on: –Integrated number of protons on target (POT) –Target reliability S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex6

7. Historic Fermilab Proton Flux S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex7

8. Neutrino beam delivery over the last 15 years: Fermilab has already delivered 3.5 times the number of protons on target to its neutrino experiments than both Asia and Europe combined. No one does accelerator-based neutrinos better than Fermilab! S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex8 protons on target (x10 20 ) K2K 0.92 T2K 6.70 OPERA/ICARUS 1.81 9.43 = total Asia + Europe NuMI 18.00 BNB 17.50 35.50 = total Fermilab

9. Proton delivery scenario (approximate) S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex9 POT/quarter, (x10 20 ) FY 7.5 Hz 15 Hz (after PIP) NuMI BNB mu2e g-2 SY120 “tax” Total beam thru Booster

10. Accelerator Performance for NuMI Started delivering protons to NuMI in 2005 – ~1.55e21 in 7 years: NO v A goal is 3.6e21 – Most intense high energy neutrino beam in the world S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex10

11. 320 kW on target Previous operation: – H- linac at ~35 mA – Charge exchange injection into Booster 10-11 turns: 4.3e12 – 9 pulses (at 15 Hz) into Main Injector with RF slip stacking – Ramp to 120 GeV at 204 GeV/s and extract to NuMI target – 3.7e13 / 2.2 sec cycle 323 kW S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex 11

12. Increasing Beam Power to 700 kW Move slip-stacking to recycler 11 batch -> 12 batch Increase Main Injector ramp rate (204 GeV/s -> 240 GeV/s) 330 (380) -> 700kW with only ~10% increase in per- pulse intensity Peak intensity 10% just more frequent Achieving 700 kW will require the 15-Hz Booster operations Main Injector Recycler S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex 12

13. Recycler status 12 Booster batches slip- stacked in the Recycler, transferred to MI and extracted to NuMI target Next step: increase beam intensity S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex13

14. The Status and the Plan Booster at 4.3e12 ppp, 7.5 Hz ✔ Started NuMI operation with MI only ✔ –2.5e13 0.6 Hz (1.67 s cycle) –~290 kW peak We can currently run the Recycler with~2.2E13 p every 1.33 sec ✔ (300KW or 270KW with one slow-spill event). –6 Booster batches (no slip-stacking) –We run in this mode a few hours every day. Need to finish damper commissioning and reduce the losses before we can run 100% like this (expected before the end of June) Increase the Recycler beam intensity to 2.5E13 p delivering 345 kW (beginning of July). Plan to reach 450 kW by the end of the summer by using 8 Booster batches (4 slip stacked plus 4 single). S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex 14

15. Recycler-only operations at 300 kW (no slip-stacking) S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex15

16. SY120 (slow extraction program) ~10% Tax on the NuMI program SeaQuest is running since November Fermilab Test Beam Facility: very successful –FY14: scheduled more than 20 experiments Meson Center test beam: –Capable of delivering 5 – 85 GeV/c secondaries of either sign. –Using the same secondary configuration as the MIPP experiment – proven design. –Initial user will be LArIAT (liquid argon detector test). –Beam delivered to users area. –Shielding Assessment Approved S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex16

17. High-power Targetry S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex17 Target –Solid, Liquid, Rotating, Rastered Other production devices: –Collection optics (horns, solenoids) –Monitors & Instrumentation (high radiation/temperature) –Primary Beam window –Absorbers/Collimators Facility Operations: –Remote Handling –Shielding & Radiation Transport –Air Handling –Cooling Systems –Waste stream

18. Neutrino Target Facility Comparison S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex18 NuMI (FNAL) NOvA (FNAL) T2K (J-PARC) LBNE –1.2 MW (FNAL) LBNE –2.4 MW(FNAL) SNS (ORNL) for reference CNGS (CERN) Blue – Design Beam Power Green – Actual Beam Power

19. Main High-Power Target Challenges S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex19 Thermal Shock Radiation Damage Beam Windows Also: radiation protection, remote handling

20. S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex20 NuMI and NOvA targets NuMI target must fit inside horn 1 target removed during shutdown NO v A target is installed upstream of horn 1 (neutrino energy from off-axis angle) Physics requirements allowed for changes in the design mechanically more robust 120 GeV protons Focusing Horns 2 m 675 m 15 m 30 m NuMI target Decay Pipe π-π- π+π+ νμνμ νμνμ NuMI NOvA

21. New Fermilab Targets in the Next Decade g-2 (previously P-bar Source Target Station) : –Commissioning in 2016-17 –High-Z rotating target (inconel 718 alloy) –Lithium lens at ~12 Hz (average) –Pulsed Magnet (Momentum selection) Mu2e –Commissioning in 2019-20 –High-Z, radiatively cooled target (tungsten) –Mounted in large SC solenoid –Only 8 kW beam power, but radiation protection issues are a challenge due to solenoid LBNE –Commissioning in 2023-24 –1.2 MW beam power –Low-Z target (graphite/beryllium?) –Difficult target, horn, beam window, radiation protection, remote handling challenges. S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex 21 p-bar lithium lens Mu2e target concept

22. Fermilab Booster S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex22 Booster is a resonant machine running at 15 Hz RF is pulsed, limited to ~7.5 Hz –at higher frequencies the cavities spark –at higher frequencies the tuners overheat –Refurbishment plan to achieve 15 Hz is part of PIP There is an RF pre-pulse associated with beam cycles –It means that the beam pulse rate is less than 7.5 Hz

23. Proton Improvement Plan (PIP) S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex23 The PIP campaign has several goals: –Increased reliability of the Linac/Booster complex –Control of beam losses –Increased proton flux (15 Hz) Main challenge: keep beam losses constant while increasing the protons on target –Beam loss limits are set at levels for personnel safety (ALARA) and equipment serviceability

24. Booster RF cavities July 1970 Flatbed semi delivering Booster RF cavity pair Cavities built by GE S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex24

25. Booster rf cavities Booster has 22 slots for rf cavities We can not run (4.3e12) beam with fewer than 17 cavities. We have 19 cavities on hand –At any given time: 17 are installed, 2 are out for repair –each cavity requires 3 tuners. Tuners require 3 weeks to rebuild during the 10-week refurbishment process. Cavity #20 is an old 1st prototype cavity. It was restored and equipped with new tuners, and ready for testing S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex25

26. Booster PIP - Refurbishment of 40 year old cavities (facelift) S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex26 Cavity Removal Cool-down Remove Tuners Rebuild - Cones & Tuners Rebuild Stems/Flanges Re-Assemble Testing Weeks010 Cavity Removal - Stripping Tuners Rebuild Rebuild and Test

27. S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex27 Booster PIP - Cavity Refurbishment Timeline

28. Refurbishment: “Fun” facts and beyond All cavities in tunnel need to be refurbished before higher rep rate (15 Hz) is possible After refurbishment is completed – higher flux will require time After refurbishment is completed – the cavities will still be OLD There is likely to be failures as cavities are run harder Even if we have 20 cavities installed in the ring, this leaves us with no spares. The plan is to procure 3 more cavities in FY16,17 –same type as present cavities –larger bore –install 2 in ring as hot spares S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex 28

29. Muon Campus/ g-2 29 5/8/146/5/14 Reconfiguring the injection/extraction region of the Delivery Ring (former Pbar Debuncher) Installing cryogenic system for g-2 and Mu2e at new MC-1 building Tests of cooling scheme for new Recycler 2.5 MHz cavities Preparing for beam to g-2 in FY17 g-2 CD2/3 reviews this summer

30. Mu2e Accelerator Upgrades S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex30 The Mu2e Accelerator Upgrades include the following: New Delivery Ring to Mu2e beamline – called the M4 Beamline Controls and instrumentation for the Delivery Ring (former Antiproton Source Debuncher) and M4 beamline New Radiation Safety System and shielding New 2.4 MHz Delivery Ring RF system Delivery Ring resonant extraction system Out-of-time beam extinction system Proton target inside the cryostat of a super conducting solenoid (next slide)Status:  Presently in design (post CD-1) phase  CD-2/3 Review: 19-21 August 2014  Begin construction phase for some components early FY2015 Mu2eBldg MC-1Bldg Delivery Ring M4 Beamline

31. PIP-II S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex31 Performance ParameterPIP-II Linac Beam Energy800MeV Linac Beam Current2mA Linac Beam Pulse Length0.6msec Linac Pulse Repetition Rate15Hz Linac Beam Power Capability (10-15% DF) ~200 kW Mu2e Upgrade Potential (800 MeV) >100kW Booster Protons per Pulse (extracted) 6.4×10 12 Booster Pulse Repetition Rate15Hz Booster Beam Power @ 8 GeV120kW Beam Power to 8 GeV Program (max) 40kW Main Injector Protons per Pulse (extracted) 7.5×10 13 Main Injector Cycle Time @ 120 GeV 1.2sec Main Injector Cycle Time @ 80 GeV 0.8sec LBNE Beam Power @ 80-120 GeV 1.2MW LBNE Upgrade Potential @ 60- 120 GeV >2MW

32. Summary Operational excellence High-power targetry PIP Fermilab is ready for Intensity Frontier investments –Muon g-2, Mu2e, LBNE, and PIP-II S. Nagaitsev | Fermilab Accelerator Complex32