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2. QUEBEC was the first permanent French settlement in North America. Colonists here were instructed to spread the Catholic faith in the New World.

3. Virginia Company an English firm that planned to make money by sending people to America to find gold and other valuable natural resources and then ship the resources back to England.

4. New Amsterdam This was first settled by the Dutch. In 1664, the British conquered the colony and renamed it New York; tolerated different religions.

5. House of Burgesses The Virginia Company established this legislative assembly that was similar to England’s Parliament. It was the first European-type legislative body in the New World.

6. Pennsylvania This was a Mid-Atlantic territory between New England and Virginia. It was a colony founded by the religiously tolerant Quakers, led by William Penn.

7. Powhatan A notable Native American chieftain in the region the English settlers called Virginia.

8. Mid-Atlantic Colonies Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey and Delaware; had rich farmland and a moderate climate; known as the breadbasket colonies.

9. Bacon’s Rebellion Poor English and slave colonists staged an uprising against the governor and his landowning supporters; the landless rebels wanted harsher action against the Native Americans so more land would be available to the colonists. The rebellion was put down, and the Virginia House of Burgesses passed laws to regulate slavery so poor white colonists would no longer side with slaves against rich white colonists.

10. Salem Witch Trials a series of court hearings, over 150 Massachusetts colonists accused of witchcraft were tried, 29 of which were convicted, and 19 hanged. At least six more people died in prison. Causes included extreme religious faith, stress from a growing population and its bad relations with Native Americans, and the narrow opportunities for women and girls to participate in Puritan society.

11. Massachusetts Charter Made Massachusetts an independent colony, but the British king canceled it. The colonists in this territory greatly disliked this centralized authority. In 1691, It became a royal colony.

12. King Philip’s War an early and bloody conflict between English colonists and Native Americans. It was named after the leader of the Native Americans. His Native American name was Metacom. Many colonists died in the war, but it caused such a heavy loss of life among the Native American population that large areas of southern New England became English settlements.

13. Rhode Island settlement This colony was founded by religious dissenters from Massachusetts who were more tolerant of different religious beliefs including Roger Williams, and Anne Hutchinson

14. Half-Way Covenant This allowed partial church membership for the children and grandchildren of the original Puritans; As more and more children were born in America, many grew up to be adults who lacked a personal covenant (relationship) with God, the central feature of Puritanism.

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16. The Great Awakening Christian worship changed in the 1730s and 1740s in the NE colonies; The people were told to seek their own personal relationship with God, and that doing this was more important than the Puritan idea of congregations needing to gather together to hear intellectual sermons.

17. Mercantilism Economic Theory that said the Earth had a limited supply of wealth, so to become strong a nation was to acquire the most wealth. Because the world’s wealth was thought to be limited, the more one country had, the less any other country could have. Consequently, a nation became stronger and wealthier, its enemies became poorer and weaker. Mercantilism inspired the British government to view its American colonies as sources of wealth that would make Britain wealthier and stronger.

18. Social Mobility the rise in society; sought after by Ben Franklin

19. Trans-Atlantic Trade Trade of goods across the Atlantic; All goods shipped to or from British North America had to travel in British ships, and any goods exported to Europe had to land first in Britain to pay British taxes. Some goods could be exported to Britain only. These restrictions were designed to keep the colonies from competing against Britain. Some Americans responded by becoming smugglers.

20. Individualism improving one’s self; sought after by Ben Franklin

21. Middle Passage sea voyage that carried Africans to North America; it was the middle portion of a three-way voyage made by the slave ships. It was said that people in the colonial port cities could smell the slave ships arriving before they could see them. The slaves were packed like bundles of firewood. About two of every ten slaves died during the passage. The ships smelled of decaying bodies as well as the sweat, blood, urine, and feces of the surviving slaves.

22. Ben Franklin one of the best known of America’s Founding Fathers. He was born into a poor Boston family in 1706. At age 12 he became an apprentice to one of his brothers who was a printer. At age 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to start a life of his own choosing, independent from his family. A few months later, he sailed to London to gain more experience in the printing business. He returned to Philadelphia in 1726 as an experienced printer, writer, and businessman. These are just some examples of how, throughout his life, he sought ways to improve himself (individualism) and the rise in society (social mobility). Over his 84-year life, he succeeded in making himself one of the world’s leading authors, philosophers, scientists, inventors, and politicians.

23. African American Culture In America, slaves attempted to “make the best” of their lives while living under the worst of circumstances. Slave communities were rich with music, dance, basket-weaving, and pottery- making. Enslaved Africans brought with them the arts and crafts skills of their various tribes. Indeed, there could be a hundred slaves working on one farm and each slave might come from a different tribe and a different part of Africa.

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25. Common Sense This small pamphlet moved many Americans to support independence from Great Britain. Colonists were persuaded by Paine’s arguments, that the Atlantic Ocean was too wide to allow Britain to rule America as well as an American government could, that it was foolish to think an island could rule a continent, and if Britain were America’s “mother country,” that made Britain’s actions all the worse because no mother would treat her children so badly.

26. French and Indian War This war broke out in 1754 when Great Britain challenged the French for control of the land that is now Ohio and western Pennsylvania. Native Americans tended to support the French because, as fur traders, they built forts rather than permanent settlements. Great Britain eventually won the war.

27. Thomas Paine In January 1776 this, patriot philosopher, published Common Sense.

28. Treaty of Paris 1763 this treaty that ended the French and Indian War forced France to turn over control of Canada to Great Britain. France also surrendered its claim to all land east of the Mississippi River, with the exception of the city of New Orleans. The treaty gave the British government control of all Britain’s American colonies’. The colonists objected to the loss of control over their own affairs, and some Americans first got the idea of an American Revolution. Tensions grew when Parliament passed laws to tax the colonists to pay for the cost of keeping a large standing army in North America to protect both Britain’s possessions and the American colonists from attacks.

29. Committees of Correspondence Much of the planning for the First Continental Congress was carried out by this body. These committees were formed because American patriots could not communicate publicly. One committee would exchange written communications with another committee within or between the colonies. They were the first organization linking the colonies in their opposition to British rule.

30. Proclamation of 1763 Tensions increased when Parliament made this; It forbade Americans from settling beyond the Appalachian Mountains in an effort to limit their conflicts with Native Americans.

31. Daughters of Liberty This group joined the Sons of Liberty in protesting British rule in North America. They wove homespun fabric to make clothes and other goods so the colonists would not need to rely on British imports.

32. Stamp Act This required the colonists to print newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, etc., on paper bearing special stamps (like postage stamps). Buying the stamped paper was the equivalent of paying a tax.

33. Intolerable Acts This closed the port of Boston as punishment for the Boston Tea Party. These acts also allowed British officials accused of major crimes to be tried in England and forced the colonists to house British troops on their property. Colonists called for the First Continental Congress to protest these actions and formed colonial militias to resist enforcement of these acts.

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35. Declaration of Independence its language was made simple and direct so people everywhere would understand and sympathize with the colonists’ cause. The text borrowed phrases from the writings of English philosopher John Locke and repeated legal arguments made famous by French political thinker Charles de Montesquieu.

36. John Locke This English philosopher developed the idea of Natural Rights, such as Life, Liberty, and Property

37. Charles de Montesquieu This French Philosopher developed the idea of Separation of Powers and Check and Balances

38. George Washington He was named commander-in- Chief of the Continental Army. He displayed extraordinary leadership abilities in the role. He reorganized the army, secured additional equipment and supplies, and started a training program to turn inexperienced recruits into a professional military.

39. crossed the Delaware River On Christmas night 1776, Washington led his troops to a victory that was a turning point for America winning the Revolutionary War. As a snowstorm pounded Washington and his soldiers, they ___ ____ _____ ___to stage a surprise attack on a fort occupied by Hessian mercenaries fighting for the British. This victory proved Washington’s army could fight as well as an experienced European army.

40. Valley Forge Washington and his troops spent the winter of 1777– 1778 in, ______ ____ Pennsylvania. They spent six months there. The army’s problems with wages, housing, food, clothing and equipment were at their worst. Disease spread throughout the camp, increasing the suffering of the 12,000 men. As conditions worsened, almost 4,000 soldiers were too weak or ill to fight. Yet that winter Washington ordered an intense training program–like a modern boot camp–that turned the Continental Army into a capable and self-assured infantry.

41. FRANCE Another turning point in the war was the decision by ______ to support the American cause. Benjamin Franklin, serving as the American ambassador to France, convinced the ______ to form a military alliance with the Americans, and ______ agreed to wage war against Britain until America gained independence. Facing both an American and a European war, Britain would need to pull troops out of America to fight closer to home.

42. Benjamin Franklin _______ ________, serving as the American ambassador to France, convinced the French to form a military alliance with the Americans, and France agreed to wage war against Britain until America gained independence. Facing both an American and a European war, Britain would need to pull troops out of America to fight closer to home.

43. Marquis de Lafayette French support for America was personified in the ______ _ _________. He commanded American troops and fought battles in many states. He also returned to France for a time to work with Franklin and the French king on how best to win American independence

44. General Charles Cornwallis He surrendered to the Continental army.

45. Yorktown When Cornwallis surrendered his British troops at ________, the American Revolution came to an end in North America.

46. 1783 Treaty of Paris The ________________ ended the American Revolutionary War. The United States won its independence from Great Britain and gained control of land stretching to the Mississippi River. Britain ceded Florida to Spain and certain African and Caribbean colonies to France.

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48. 1 st Amendment Guarantees freedom of religion, of speech, and of the press, and the right to petition the government

49. 2 nd Amendment Guarantees the right to possess firearms

50. 9 th and 10 th Amendment __Declares that rights not mentioned in the Constitution belong to the people __Declares that powers not given to the national government belong to the states or to the people

51. 3 rd, 4 th, and 5 th Amendments __Declares that the government may not require people to house soldiers during peacetime __Protects people from unreasonable searches and seizures __Guarantees that no one may be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law

52. 6 th, 7 th, and 8 th Amendments __Guarantees the right to a trial by jury in criminal cases __Guarantees the right to trial by jury in most civil cases __Prohibits excessive bails, fines, and punishments

53. John Adams Like Washington he set examples that influenced future presidents, but his administration was plagued by conflicts with France and Great Britain that crippled the nation’s economy.

54. Bill of Rights Added to the Constitution after it was ratified Supported by the Anti-federalists Guarantees basic freedoms to all Americans

55. James Madison Helped write THE FEDERALIST PAPERS and is considered to be the “father of the constitution”.

56. Executive Branch Branch of the government that enforces the law

57. Political Parties or Factions Groups that have a common belief system about politics

58. Great Compromise This helped “save” the Constitution by settling the dispute between states with large populations and states with small populations.

59. Constitution This replaced the ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION

60. Check and Balances the Constitution gave each branch of government a way to balance the power of the other branches.

61. Articles of Confederation It reflected Americans’ fear of a powerful national government. It created a government that had no executive branch and lacked the power to tax, regulate commerce, or establish one national currency.

62. Shays’ Rebellion This event showed the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation Farmers burdened with personal debts tried to seize a federal arsenal in Massachusetts.

63. Faction Another word for political party

64. George Washington He put down Shay’s Rebellion. First president of the U.S.

65. Federalists Supporters of the CONSTITUTION and a strong national government

66. Anti-Federalists Supporters of a weak national government and the addition of the Bill of Rights to the CONSTITUTION.

67. Federalists Papers These were written by the federalist to encourage support for the ratification of the Constitution.

68. Alexander Hamilton He was the secretary of treasure under George Washington. He wanted to expand the power of the government to stabilize the nation and its economy.

69. States’ Rights Jefferson and Madison then argued that states could refuse to enforce federal laws they did not agree with. This was the beginning of what concept?

70. Whiskey Rebellion This showed American people that they had to try and change laws through petition and not violence. This rebellion took place after a tax on whiskey was established.

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72. Louisiana Purchase Purchased by the French ruler Napoleon. He agreed to sell not only New Orleans to the United States but also the entire Louisiana Territory for $15 million. As a result, the United States nearly doubled in geographic area.

73. New York City Until 1790 it was the capital of the United States. In the early 1800s, civic development turned this colonial town into a great economic center established on a grid of city blocks. By 1835, the population had grown so large that it outpaced Philadelphia as the largest U.S. city. Trade grew when the Erie Canal made the city’s harbors the link between European merchants and the great agricultural markets across the Appalachians from it. The city was home to the biggest gathering of artisans and crafts workers in the United States, and its banking and commercial activities would soon make it the leading city in all of North America. What is it?

74. Northwest Ordinance This law demonstrated to Americans that their national government intended to encourage westward expansion and that it would do so by organizing new states that would be equal members of the Union. It banned slavery in the Territory. This law made the Ohio River the boundary between free and slave regions between the 13 states and the Mississippi River. It also mandated the establishment of public schools in the Northwest Territory.

75. Monroe Doctrine In 1823, the President warned the nations of Europe not to meddle in the politics of North and South America. The United States would remain neutral in wars between European nations and their American colonies, but, if battles took place in the New World, the United States would view such battles as hostile actions against the United States.

76. War of 1812 In this war America declared war on Great Britain, which was already at war with France. Never again would Britain and the United States wage war over diplomacy, trade, territory, or any other kind of dispute. America’s army and navy were firmly established as worthy opponents of any European military force. The U.S. military achievements heighten nationalist sentiments.

77. Impressment During the war of 1812 this policy was use by the British. Thousands of American sailors were forced against their will to serve in the British navy after their merchant ships were captured at sea

78. Erie canal Connects the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. It was opened in 1825 after eight years of digging by thousands of laborers, mostly immigrants. It stretches 363 miles from Lake Erie to the Hudson River, which flows into the Atlantic Ocean at New York City. It serves as a turnpike for barges where a road could not easily be built, and greatly lowered transportation costs. This not only opened up western New York and regions further west to increased settlement, but also helped unite new regions with the Atlantic states. What is it?

79. Lewis and Clark They explored Louisiana and the western lands all the way to the Pacific Ocean. On their 16-month expedition, they charted the trails west, mapped rivers and mountain ranges, wrote descriptions and collected samples of unfamiliar animals and plants, and recorded facts and figures about the various Native American tribes and customs west of the Mississippi River.

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81. Seneca Falls Convention America’s first women’s rights convention– –in New York. Delegates adopted a declaration of women’s independence, including women’s suffrage

82. Manifest Destiny The belief that the United States was destined to stretch across North America

83. Suffrage Women’s fight to be able to vote

84. Industrial Revolution the name given to the stage of the 19th century when power driven machines operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers replaced hand tools operated by skilled laborers, altering the quality of work for many people.

85. Cotton Gin It is a machine that rapidly removes cotton plant seeds from the valuable cotton fiber used to make thread and fabric. By producing more cotton in a day than any person could working by hand, the gin reduced the cost of processing cotton and greatly raised the profit from growing it

86. Interchangeable Parts This made it possible for semiskilled workers to mass-produce mechanical products, and fix machines quickly

87. Eli Whitney He best illustrates the rise of industrialism with his invention of the cotton gin and his development of interchangeable parts for muskets.

88. Jacksonian Democracy It sought a stronger executive branch, and a weaker Congress. Named after President Andrew Jackson.

89. Abolition The idea that slavery should be abolished and it should not be allowed in new states. Made slavery and its expansion an important political issue

90. Temperance The idea that people should drink less alcohol or alcohol should be outlawed altogether.

91. Public School The idea that all children should be required to attend free schools supported by taxpayers and staffed by trained teachers

92. American Nationalism The belief that the U.S. was different than, and superior to, other nations because most Americans of that time shared the Protestant religion and English language, ancestry, and culture.

93. Elizabeth Cady Stanton She was an outspoken advocate for women’s full rights of citizenship, including voting rights and parental and custody rights. In 1848, she organized the Seneca Falls Conference.

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95. Wilmot Proviso During the Mexican-American War, Congress again debated whether slavery would be allowed in New Mexico and California if these territories were acquired from Mexico. The antislavery position was outlined in this proposal, but the House of Representatives failed to approve it and the issue of whether to allow or prohibit slavery in new states remained unresolved.

96. Nullification Crisis Calhoun, a South Carolinian, resigned from the vice presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in this crisis

97. William Lloyd Garrison a writer and editor, was an important white abolitionist. He founded regional and national abolitionist societies and published an antislavery newspaper that printed graphic stories of the bad treatment received by slaves.

98. Nat Turner’s Rebellion He believed his mission on Earth was to free his people from slavery. Seeing an 1831 solar eclipse as a message from above, he led a slave rebellion on four Virginia plantations. About 60 whites were killed, and he was captured, tried, and executed. To stop such uprisings, white leaders passed new laws to limit the activities of slaves and to strengthen the institution of slavery.

99. Sectionalism is a tendency among sections of a country to develop a distinct identity based on ethnicity, customs, laws, language, economics, or culture. Since the 18th century, this has led to many revolutions as people have tried to establish their right to self-determination.self-determination

100. Abolition a campaign to abolish slavery immediately and to grant no financial compensation to slave-owners.

101. Grimke Sisters Sarah and Angelina, were southern women who lectured publicly throughout the northern states about the evils of slavery they had seen growing up on a plantation. Their public careers began when Garrison published a letter from Angelina in his newspaper.

102. Missouri Compromise of 1820 This said Maine would be admitted to the Union as a free state, Missouri would be admitted as a slave state, and slavery would be prohibited in the northern part of the Louisiana Purchase except for Missouri.

103. Frederick Douglass a former slave, worked for Garrison and traveled widely, giving eloquent speeches on behalf of equality for African Americans, women, Native Americans, and immigrants. He later published autobiographies and his own antislavery newspaper.

104. States’ Rights the idea that states have certain rights and political powers separate from those held by the federal government that the federal government may not violate.

105. John C. Calhoun a South Carolinian, resigned from the vice presidency to lead the efforts of the southern states in this crisis. His loyalty to the interests of the southern region, or section, of the United States, not to the United States as a whole, contributed to the rise of sectionalism

106. Mexican-American War U.S. annexation of Texas and other factors led to war in 1846. During the conflict, the United States occupied much of northern Mexico. When the United States eventually won the war, this region was ceded to the United States as a part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.

107. Compromise of 1850 Those who favored slavery and those who opposed slavery therefore agreed to five laws that addressed these concerns. Collectively, the five laws are known as this.

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109. Gettysburg Address Begins with these famous words, “Four score and seven years ago”. This is now considered one of the most famous speeches in the English language.

110. Battle of Antietam Began September of 1862 it was the war’s first major battle on northern soil and was the deadliest one-day battle in American history.

111. Emancipation Proclamation Freed all slaves held in the Confederate states. Lincoln believed that the news of the proclamation would reach southern slaves and encourage them to flee to the north.

112. Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address This speech expressed sorrow that the states had not been able to resolve their differences peacefully, however also urged reconstruction of the South.

113. Habeas Corpus The legal rule that anyone imprisoned must be taken before a judge to determine if the prisoner is being legally held in custody.

114. Battle for Atlanta This battle captured the center of Confederate manufacturing and railway traffic, and lasted for six weeks.

115. Dred Scott Decision Settled a law suit in which an African American slaved claimed he should be a free man because he had lived with his master in slave states and in free states. The court rejected Scott’s claim.

116. Kansas-Nebraska Act Repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and gave the settlers in all new territories the right to decide for themselves whether theirs would be a free or a slave state.

117. Abraham Lincoln Was elected in 1860 and believed that preserving the Union was the most important task for any U.S. president.

118. Robert E. Lee Appointed general-in-chief of Confederate armies by Davis and surrendered to U.S. General Grant to end the Civil War.

119. Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Fought under Confederate General Lee at Antietam and Second Bull Run, and he died in battle.

120. Battle of Gettysburg This three day battle was the deadliest of the Civil War

121. Ulysses S. Grant Captured control of the Mississippi River in Siege of Vicksburg and was appointed commanding General of Union armies by Lincoln.

122. John Brown Decided to fight slavery with violence and thought he was chosen by God to end slavery.

123. William Tecumseh Sherman Served under General Grant during Siege of Vicksburg; Accepted surrender of all Confederate armies on Carolinas, Georgia, and Florida.

124. Jefferson Davis He was President of Confederate States of America 1861-1865

125. Popular Sovereignty Means rule by the people.

126. Siege of Vicksburg After a seven-week siege, Grant achieved one of the Union’s major strategic goals: He gained control of the Mississippi River.

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128. Reconstruction Rebuilding the South after the Civil War

129. Presidential Reconstruction The Reconstruction plans begun by President Abraham Lincoln and carried out by President Andrew Johnson echoed the words of Lincoln’s second Inaugural Address, which urged no revenge on former Confederate supporters. The purpose of ______ ________ was to readmit the southern states to the Union as quickly as possible.

130. Radical Republican Reconstruction What is being described? Congress forced the southern states to reapply for admission to the Union and to take steps to secure the rights of the newly freed slaves. This resulted in the creation of southern state governments that included African Americans. The key feature of the effort to protect the rights of the newly freed slaves was the passage of three constitutional amendments during and after the Civil War. Southern states were required to ratify all these amendments before they could rejoin the Union.

131. 13 th amendment abolished slavery and involuntary servitude in the United States

132. 14 th amendment defined U.S. citizenship as including all persons born in the United States, including African Americans; guaranteed that no citizen could be deprived of his/her rights without due process

133. 15 th amendment removed restrictions on voting based on race, color, or ever having been a slave; granted the right to vote to all male U.S. citizens over the age of 21

134. 13 th, 14 th, 15 th Amendments FREE, CITIZENS, VOTE

135. Morehouse College The school, _______ ________, was founded in Atlanta in 1867 as the Augusta Institute. A former slave and two ministers founded it for the education of African American men in the fields of ministry and education

136. Freedmen’s Bureau Congress also created the _____ _____to help African Americans to make the transition to freedom. The _____ _____ helped former slaves solve everyday problems by providing food, clothing, jobs, medicine, and medical-care facilities.

137. The Klan or KKK The _______ was founded by veterans of the Confederate Army to fight against Reconstruction

138. Andrew Johnson This president was impeached by Congress for not following laws it had passed.

139. Black Codes laws written to control the lives of freed slaves in ways slaveholders had formerly controlled the lives of their slaves

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141. Railroad This Industry relied mainly on Chinese labor. These Asian immigrants accepted lower pay than other laborers demanded. The work was dangerous. Many Chinese died in the explosive blasts they ignited to clear the path across the railroad companies’ land.

142. Thomas Edison His inventions eliminated much manual labor that had been associated with everyday household activities and improved Americans’ quality of life.

143. Standard Oil Company the most famous big business of the era started by Rockefeller

144. John D. Rockefeller He used vertical and Horizontial Integration make make his company a Monopoly

145. Big Business RR, Steel, Oil, John D. Rockefeller, Standard Oil Company, Trust, Monopoly

146. Trust an illegal combination of industrial or commercial companies in which the stock of the constituent companies is controlled by a central board of trustees, thus making it possible to manage the companies so as to minimize production costs, control prices, eliminate competition, etc

147. Monopoly a single company that controlled virtually all the U.S. oil production and distribution

148. Steel The biggest customer of this industry was the RR industry

149. Light bulb This is Edison’s most famous invention

150. Chinese This group of immigrants helped build the railroad tracks with great abuse.

151. Phonograph This was also invented by Edison it was later called a record player

152. Transcontinental Railroad This connected the east coast with the west coast

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154. Sitting Bull a chief of the Sioux; took up arms against settlers in the northern Great Plains and against United States Army troops; he was present at the Battle of Little Bighorn (1876) when the Sioux massacred General Custer's troops (1831-1890)

155. Pullman Strike The most famous and far reaching labor conflict in a period of severe economic depression and social unrest; a strike that eventually became the first nationwide workers' strike.

156. Wounded Knee Some 200 Native Americans were massacred here by U.S. troops on December 29, 1890; This was the last major military conflict between whites and Native Americans.

157. Samuel Gompers American labor leader who as president of the American Federation of Labor (1886- 1924) won higher wages, shorter hours, and greater freedom for union members

158. Ellis Island island in the harbor of New York City. The chief immigration station of the United States was on this Island from 1892 to 1943, a time when millions of people, especially from Europe, came to the United StatesNew York CityEurope

159. American Federation of Labor the largest union grouping in the United States for the first half of the twentieth century; represented a conservative "pure and simple unionism" that stressed foremost the concern with working conditions, pay and control over jobs, relegating political goals to a minor role.

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161. Muckakers Authors who specialize in exposing corruption in business, government, and elsewhere, especially those who were active at the end of the nineteenth and beginning of the twentieth centuries. Some famous muckrakers were Ida M. Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens, and Upton Sinclair. President Theodore Roosevelt is credited with giving them their names.Roosevelt

162. NAACP National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.

163. Upton Sinclair He gained particular fame for his 1906 novel The Jungle, which dealt with conditions in the U.S. meat packing industry and caused a public uproar that partly contributed to the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act in 1906.The Jungle Pure Food and Drug ActMeat Inspection Act

164. Plessey v. Ferguson this U.S. Supreme Court decision, that a Louisiana law mandating separate but equal accommodations for blacks and whites was constitutional. This justified many other actions by state and local governments to socially separate blacks and whites. This case was overturned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education.Brown v. Board of Education

165. Ida Tarbell She was known as one of the leading "muckrakers" of her day, work known in modern times as "investigative journalism." She wrote many notable magazine series and biographies. She is best-known for her 1904 book The History of the Standard Oil Company, which was listed number five among the top 100 works of twentieth-century American journalism.muckrakersinvestigative journalismThe History of the Standard Oil Company

166. “Separate but Equal” a policy of segregating or discriminating against blacks, as in public places, public vehicles, or employment. It was over turned in 1954 by Brown v. Board of Education.

167. Hull House a settlement house in Chicago, Ill., founded in 1889 by Jane Addams.

168. Direct Election of Senators The Progressives favored the adoption of an amendment to the Constitution that gave voters the right to elect their U.S. senators. They succeeded in their efforts with the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913.

169. Initiative The right and procedure by which citizens can propose a law by petition and ensure its submission to the electorate.

170. Recall the act of removing an official by petition

171. Referendum A vote by the general public, rather than by governmental bodies, on a bill or some other important issue

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173. Panama Canal was the biggest engineering project of the era; Waterway across the Isthmus of Panama. The canal connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The United States built it from 1904 to 1914 on territory leased from Panama; Conflict between the United States and Panama has centered on control of the canal; a treaty was signed in 1977 returning control of the Canal Zone to Panama in 2000. Since that time, Panama has agreed to neutral operation of the canal.IsthmusAtlantic Ocean Pacific OceanPanama

174. Anti-immigrant sentiment When Chinese immigrants accepted low wages for jobs whites had held, employers lowered the pay for all workers. This angered the white workers; Japanese Americans also faced racial prejudice. It was against California law for them to buy land or become U.S. citizens, and the federal government worked with the government of Japan to limit Japanese immigration

175. Chinese Exclusion Act passed in 1882 banning all future Chinese immigration.

176. Roosevelt Corollary an addition (1904) to the Monroe Doctrine, asserting that the U.S. might intervene in the affairs of an American republic threatened with seizure or intervention by a European country.

177. Spanish-American War Fought in 1898; Was an intervention by the United States on behalf of Cuba. Mistreatment of Cuban natives had aroused much resentment in the United States, a resentment encouraged by yellow journalism. The incident that led most directly to the war was the explosion of the United States battleship Maine, an incident for which many Americans blamed Spain. The best-remembered incidents in the Spanish-American War were the charge of the Rough Riders, led by Theodore Roosevelt, in the Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba, and the Battle of Manila Bay in the Philippines, at which Admiral George Dewey said, “You may fire when you are ready, Gridley.” The United States acquired Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines in the war and gained temporary control over Cuba.CubaRough RidersRooseveltPhilippines Puerto RicoGuamPhilippines

178. Philippine-American War This was America's first true colonial war as a world power. After defeating Spain in Cuba and in the Philippines in 1898, the U.S. purchased the Philippines, Puerto Rico and several other islands from the Spanish. However, the Filipinos had been fighting a bloody revolution against Spain since 1896, and had no intention of becoming a colony of another imperialist power. In February of 1899, fighting broke out between the occupying American Army and the Filipino forces. The war lasted about three years. In the end, the Philippines was a U.S. territory until 1946.

179. American Expansion In the last decades of the 19th century, some Americans were eager to spread democracy into Latin America and other world regions. Other Americans argued that this was not the best way to spread America’s democratic traditions

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181. League of Nations U.S. President Woodrow Wilson incorporated this proposal into the Fourteen Points at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919; This was an international organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919– 1920. The League's goals included disarmament, preventing war through collective security, settling disputes between countries through negotiation, diplomacy and improving global welfare.Fourteen Points international organization disarmamentwar collective security countriesnegotiationdiplomacywelfare

182. Neutrality Woodrow Wilson was determined to guarantee to keep the United States out of the war because of this idea, but in 1915 the luxury liner Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine

183. 14 Points Goals of the United States in the peace negotiations after World War I. President Woodrow Wilson announced these to Congress in early 1918. They included public negotiations between nations, freedom of navigation, free trade, self-determination for several nations involved in the war, and the establishment of an association of nations to keep the peace. The “association of nations” Wilson mentioned became the League of NationsWorld War IWilson Congressfree tradeLeague of Nations

184. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare in 1917 Germany resumed this war tactic, creating great anti- German feelings among Americans. This heightened tension led to the U.S. decision to enter the war; is a type of naval warfare in which submarines sink merchant ships without warning. naval warfaresubmarines

185. 19 th Amendment was specifically intended to extend suffrage to women; provides that neither the individual states of the United States nor its federal government may deny a citizen the right to vote because of the citizen's sex. It was proposed on June 4, 1919 and ratified on August 18, 1920June 41919August 181920

186. The Great Migration was the movement of approximately 7 million African Americans out of the rural Southern United States to the North, Midwest and West from 1916 to 1970. African Americans migrated to escape widespread racism in the South, to seek employment opportunities in industrial cities, to get better education for their children, and to pursue what was widely perceived to be a better life in the North. African AmericansSouthern United Statesracismthe South

187. 18 th Amendment established Prohibition in the United States. Ratified on January 16, 1919, it is notable as the only amendment to the United States Constitution that has been repealed (by the Twenty-first Amendment).Prohibition in the United StatesTwenty-first Amendment

188. Espionage Act was a United States federal law passed after entering World War I, on June 15, 1917, which made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces or to promote the success of its enemies. It was punishable by a maximum $ 10,000 fine (almost $170,000 in today's dollars) and 20 years in prison. The legislation was passed at the urging of President Woodrow Wilson, who feared any widespread dissent in time of war, thinking that it constituted a real threat to an American victoryUnited States federal law World War Icrimeprisonlegislation Woodrow Wilson dissentwar

189. Eugene V. Debs was an American labor and political leader, one of the founders of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as five-time Socialist Party of America candidate for President of the United States; was jailed later that year for his part in the Pullman StrikeAmerican Industrial Workers of the WorldSocialist Party of AmericaPresident of the United StatesPullman Strike

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191. Henry Ford father of modern assembly lines used in mass productionassembly linesmass production

192. Harlem Renaissance accelerated as a consequence of the First World War; used to describe a flowering of African-American literature and art in the 1920s.

193. MASS PRODUCTION using Assembly Line popularized by Henry Ford in the early 20th Century, notably in his Ford Model THenry FordFord Model T

194. Langston Hughes poet who wrote about the lives of working class African Americans and sometimes set his words to the tempo of jazz or blues.

195. Irving Berlin was one of the few Tin Pan Alley/Broadway songwriters who wrote both lyrics and music for his songs; He wrote “God Bless America” and “White Christmas.”Tin Pan AlleyBroadway

196. Louis Armstrong American jazz trumpet virtuoso, singer; nicknamed Satchmo and Pops.

197. Tin Pan Alley name given to the collection of New York City music publishers and songwriters who dominated the popular music in the late 19th century and early 20th century.New York Citymusic publishers songwriters popular music19th century20th century

198. Jazz the most significant form of musical expression of African-American culture

199. Communism the movement that aims to overthrow the capitalist order by revolutionary means, and to establish a classless society in which all goods will be socially owned. The theories of the movement come from Karl MarxMarx

200. Immigration Restrictions Making rules to slow immigration in the 1920s caused by the belief that people born in America were superior to immigrants, and America should keep its traditional culture intact

201. Red Scare This was caused by fears of subversion by communists in the United States after the Russian RevolutioncommunistsRussian Revolution

202. Socialism social organization in which the means of producing and distributing goods is owned collectively or by a centralized government that often plans and controls the economy.

203. Radio and Movies During the 1920s these popular forms ofentertainment attracted millions of loyal fans and helped create the first media stars

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205. Stock Market Crash a sudden dramatic decline of stock prices across a significant cross-section of a stock market. 1929stock stock market

206. Hoovervilles was the popular name for a shanty town, examples of which were found in many United States communities during the Great Depression of the 1930s. The word "Hooverville" derives from the name of the President of the United States at the beginning of the Depression, Herbert Hoover.shanty town United States Great Depression President of the United StatesHerbert Hoover

207. Dust Bowl A parched region of the Great Plains, including parts of Oklahoma, Arkansas, and Texas, where a combination of drought and soil erosion created enormous dust storms in the 1930s.Great PlainsOklahomaArkansasTexaserosion

208. Great Depression the economic crisis and period of low business activity in the U.S. and other countries, roughly beginning with the stock-market crash in October, 1929, and continuing through most of the 1930s.

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210. Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) A Corporation created by the federal government to promote the economic development of the Tennessee River and adjoining areas; Known as a builder of dams, responsible for flood control, the generation of electric power, soil conservation, and other areas of economic development; Was a part of the New Deal.Tennessee RiversoilNew Deal

211. Court Packing Bill a law proposed by Franklin Roosevelt. While the bill contained many provisions, the most notorious one would have allowed the President the power to appoint an extra Supreme Court Justice for every sitting Justice over the age of 70½. This was proposed in response to the Supreme Court overturning several of his New Deal measures that proponents claim were designed to help the United States recover from the Great Depression; Another name for the Judiciary Reorganization Bill of 1937.Franklin RooseveltSupreme Court JusticeNew DealUnited StatesGreat Depression

212. Second New Deal the programs President Roosevelt instituted after his original New Deal failed to completely fix the American economy; Wagner Act, Social Security Act.

213. Wagner Act This law established collective bargaining rights for workers and prohibited such unfair labor practices as intimidating workers, attempting to keep workers from organizing unions, and firing union members. The law also set up a government agency where workers could testify about unfair labor practices and hold elections to decide whether or not to unionize. Another name for it is the National Labor Relations Act

214. Neutrality Acts made it illegal to sell arms or make loans to nations at war. The fourth of these acts, passed in 1939 in recognition of the Nazi threat to Western Europe’s democracies, permitted the sale of arms to nations at war on a “cash and carry” basis. This meant that buyers would have to pay cash and send their own ships to American ports to pick up the supplies, thereby keeping American ships from being sunk by the Germans.

215. Industrial Unionism a labor union organizing method through which all workers in the same industry are organized into the same union— regardless of skill or trade—thus giving workers in one industry more leverage in bargaining and in strike situations. "an injury to one is an injury to all" and "the longer the picket line, the shorter the strike."labor union

216. Huey Long Roosevelt’s biggest critic; originally supported the New Deal, but he changed his mind and set his sights on replacing Roosevelt as president. Long proposed for every American a home, food, clothes, and an education, among other things.

217. Social Security Act This law consisted of three programs: 1. Old-age insurance for retirees aged 65 or older and their spouses, paid half by the employee and half by the employer 2. Unemployment compensation paid by a federal tax on employers and administered by the states 3. Aid for the disabled and for families with dependent children paid by the federal government and administered by the states

218. Eleanor Roosevelt interested in humanitarian causes and social progress, and was very vocal about them; traveled all over the United States to observe social conditions so she could keep the president informed as to the state of the nation; was also instrumental in convincing Roosevelt to appoint more women to government positions

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220. Allied Powers China, France, Great Britain, Soviet Union, United States. WWII alliance?

221. Axis Powers Germany, Italy, Japan WWII alliance

222. Rationing A fixed portion, especially an amount of food allotted to persons in military service or to civilians in times of scarcity; Used during WWII to conserve rare resources.

223. A. Philip Randolph the founder of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, proposed a march on Washington, D.C., to protest discrimination in the military and in industry. He called on African Americans from all over the United States to come to Washington and join him. President Roosevelt, afraid the march might cause unrest among whites, summoned Randolph to the White House and asked him to call off the march. When Randolph refused, Roosevelt issued an executive order calling on employers and labor unions to cease discrimination in hiring practices in industries related to defense. As a result of Roosevelt’s actions, the march was cancelled.

224. Wartime Conservation One way average Americans helped the war effort; Carpooling, ride bicycles to save gasoline and rubber, collecting scrap iron, tin cans, newspaper, rags, cooking grease to recycle and use in war production.

225. Internment camps were Japanese Americans, there were also small numbers of German Americans and Italian Americans imprisoned, as well as hundreds of Native Americans from Alaska; In the name of national security, Roosevelt ordered all people of Japanese ancestry be moved from California and parts of Washington, Oregon, and Arizona to rural prison camps.

226. Mobilization to organize or adapt (industries, transportation facilities, etc.) for service to the government in time of war.

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228. Tet Offensive attacks by communist forces in the Vietnam War. Vietnamese communist troops seized and briefly held some major cities at the time of the lunar new year, or Tet; A turning point in the war, damaged the hopes of United States officials that the combined forces of the United States and South Vietnam could win.communist Vietnam WarVietnam

229. Marshall Plan A program by which the United States gave large amounts of economic aid to European countries to help them rebuild after the devastation of World War II. It was proposed by the United States secretary of state, General George C. MarshallWorld War II secretary of state Marshall

230. Vietnam War A war in Southeast Asia, in which the United States fought in the 1960s and 1970s. The war was waged from 1954 to 1975 between communist North Vietnam and noncommunist South Vietnam, two parts of what was once the French colony of Indochina. Vietnamese communists attempted to take over the South, both by invasion from the North and by guerrilla warfare conducted within the South by the Viet Cong. Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy sent increasing numbers of American military advisers to South Vietnam in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Kennedy's successor, President Lyndon Johnson, increased American military support greatly, until half a million United States soldiers were in Vietnam.AsiacommunistVietnamIndochinaguerrilla warfareViet CongEisenhowerKennedyJohnson

231. Containment a policy of creating strategic alliances to check the expansion of a hostile power or ideology or to force it to negotiate peacefully; "containment of communist expansion was a central principle of United States' foreign policy from 1947 to the 1975".

232. Cuban Missile Crisis A confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in 1962 over the presence of missile sites in Cuba; one of the “hottest” periods of the cold war. The Soviet premier, Nikita Khrushchev, placed Soviet military missiles in Cuba, which had come under Soviet influence since the success of the Cuban Revolution three years earlier. President John F. Kennedy of the United States set up a naval blockade of Cuba and insisted that Khrushchev remove the missiles. Khrushchev did.Soviet UnionCubacold warpremier KhrushchevKennedy

233. Truman Doctrine President Truman's policy of providing economic and military aid to any country threatened by communism or totalitarian ideology.

234. Cuban Revolution the revolution led by Fidel Castro and a small band of guerrilla fighters against a corrupt dictatorship in Cuba; 1956-1959.

235. Korean War the war, begun on June 25, 1950, between North Korea, aided by Communist China, and South Korea, aided by the United States and other United Nations members forming a United Nations armed force: truce signed July 27, 1953.

236. Bay of Pigs The location of a failed attempt by Cuban exiles to invade Cuba in 1961. The invaders, numbering about fourteen hundred, had left after the Cuban Revolution and returned to overthrow the new Cuban leader, Fidel Castro; they were trained and equipped by the United States Central Intelligence Agency. The operation was a disaster for the invaders, most of whom were killed or taken prisoner. The Bay of Pigs incident is generally considered the most humiliating episode in the presidency of John F. Kennedy, who had approved the invasion.CubaCastro Central Intelligence AgencyKennedy

237. Chinese Civil War fought from 1927 to 1949. On one side were the Communists, backed by the Soviet Union, supported by many poor people. On the others side were the Nationalists, supported by the United States. They were backed by the United States and the United Kingdom, and they had the support of the richer people and the Chinese who lived in cities. The Communists were lead by Mao Zedong, and the Nationalists were lead by Chiang Kai-shek. In 1949, the Communists chased the Nationalists out of the biggest part of China, the mainland. The Nationalists came to an island called Taiwan, and stayed there. Mao named China the People's Republic of China and he became its leader until he died in 1976. Today, the two sides still do not like each other, but they aren't fighting any more.19271949 Communists NationalistsUnited States Mao Zedong Chiang Kai-shek Taiwan People's Republic of China1976

238. McCarthyism a period of intense anti-Communist suspicion in the United States from the late 1940s to the mid to late 1950s. The term gets it name from U.S. Senator Joseph McCarthy. The period is also referred to as the Second Red Scare. It happened at the same time as increased fears of Communist influence on American institutions, espionage by Soviet agents such as the Rosenbergs, heightened tension from Soviet control over Eastern Europe, the success of the Chinese Communist revolution (1949) and the Korean War (1950-1953).CommunistUnited States1940s1950sU.S. SenatorJoseph McCarthy espionageSoviet Chinese Communist revolution1949 Korean War19501953

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240. Sputnik I In 1957, the Soviet Union launched the first artificial satellite; a feat that caused many Americans to believe the United States had “fallen behind” the Soviet Union in terms of understanding science and the uses of technology. The success of the Soviet satellite launch led to increased U.S. government spending on education, especially in mathematics and science, and on national military defense programs. This increased Cold War tensions by heightening U.S. fears that the Soviet Union might use rockets to launch nuclear weapons against the United States and its allied nations.

241. Baby Boom! soldiers returned home to America after WW II and settled back into the lives they had left behind. One effect of this was a huge growth in population. From the mid-1940s to the mid-1960s the birthrate quickly increased, reaching its high point in 1957, a year when over four million babies were born. The generation referred to as Baby Boomers is the largest generation in American history.

242. Cellular Telephone a mobile system using low-powered radio transmitters, with each transmitter covering a distinct geographical area or cell, and computer equipment to switch a call from one area to another, thus enabling large- scale car or portable phone service.

243. Levittown developed as a mass-produced area of private, low-cost housing. Each of the more than 17,000 nearly identical two- bedroom Cape Cod-style homes were built on a concrete slab and offered 800 sq ft (74 sq m) of space in a suburban setting.

244. Personal Computer is a computer whose original sales price, size, and capabilities make it useful for individuals.computer

245. Kennedy/ Nixon Presidential Debates In the 1960 national election campaign these debates were the first ones ever shown on TV. Seventy million people tuned in. Although Nixon was more knowledgeable about foreign policy and other topics, Kennedy looked and spoke more forcefully because he had been coached by television producers. Kennedy’s performance in the debate helped him win the presidency. These debates changed the shape of American politics.

246. TV News Coverage of Civil Rights Movement changed the shape of American culture. Americans who might never have attended a civil rights demonstration saw and heard them on their TVs in the 1960s. In 1963, TV reporters showed helmeted police officers from Birmingham, Alabama, spraying black children with high-pressure fire hoses, setting police dogs to attack the children, and then clubbing the children, who had been walking in a protest march. This helped many Americans turn their sympathies toward ending racial segregation and persuaded Kennedy that new laws were the only way to end the racial violence and give African Americans the civil rights they were demanding.

247. Interstate Highway Act This act helped develop road connecting cities, and bring people from the Suburbs to the Urban areas.

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