1. Effect of wind disturbance on forest structure and composition Mariko Toda

2. wind disturbance Affects large area of the landscape Causes selective damage early successional species larger trees Causes change to forest structure and composition Understanding those changes is important for predicting the future forest!!

3. Do you agree with this? Changes in structure and composition are discussed together Abrams M.D., and Scott M.L. 1989

4. Stage of stand development Oliver’s forest development (1980) Stand development following major disturbances Stand initiation stage Stem Exclusion stage Understory reinitiation stage Old-growth stage Oliver C.D. 1980/1981

5. Conceptual model of Platt and Connell (2003) “accelerated succession”: when ongoing directional replacement is fasten “set back of succession”: when new directional replacement is initiated following dominance of early species Compositional succession Late species directional replacement Early Species

6. Peterson (2000) Tornado 1985 reduced 96.6% BA Larger individuals had severe damage Recovery by seedlings established after the disturbance Pre-disturbancePost disturbance StructureOld growthStand initiation CompositionLate speciesEarly species

7. Arevedo (2000), Allen (2012) Storm in 1983 reduced 71% BA Larger individuals, early species had severe damage Recovery by understory late species Pre-disturbancePost disturbance Structure Understory reinitiation Stand initiation CompositionEarly speciesLate species

8. Change in structure and composition StructureCompositionCases Set back Dunn et al. (1983), Foster (1988), Peterson (2000) No change Shorohova (2008) Accelerated Arevedo (2000), Allen (2012), Giltzenstein and Harcombre (1988) No change Set back Shorohova (2008) No change Peterson (2000), Rich (2001) Accelerated Arevedo (2000), Allen (2012), Wolf et al. (2004)

9. Factors causing different responses Intensity of wind disturbance Vegetation condition prior to disturbance Stage of stand development Dominant species Tree vitality Recovery Surrounding vegetation Species characteristics

10. Do you agree with this? Abrams M.D., and Scott M.L. 1989

11. It might be like this B B C C understor y reinitiatio n stage Abrams M.D., and Scott M.L. 1989

12. Conclusion We need to think stand structure and composition separately Long-term observation is needed to determine the effect of disturbance Changes in composition are not only caused by immediate response but also by recovery Change in structure might be different then expected

13. Thank you!