1. Oceanography Jaques Yves Cousteau, 1910-1997 Jason Welch

2. How do we define the science of Oceanography?

3. Oceanography and Our Oceans *71% of Earth's surface is covered with water, so it is important we know something about the water surrounding us. Oceanography is the science of our oceans that mixes biology, geology, chemistry, and physics (among other sciences) to unravel the mysteries of our seas. *The Earth has an area of approximately 197 million square miles of which 140 million square miles is water. *The Earth is broken up into hemispheres…Northern and Southern. In the Northern Hemisphere, 61% is water and 39% is land, thus it is called the "Land Hemisphere". In the Southern Hemisphere, 81% is water and 19% is land, thus it is called the "Water Hemisphere".

4. The Hemispheres of the Earth Northern Hemisphere is approximately 39% land. The Southern Hemisphere is approximately 19% land.

6. The amount of water present in oceans by volume is much greater than that of the land surface. In fact, the volume of all land is only 1/18 that of the oceans. The average elevation of continents is over 2700 feet above sea level whereas the average depth of the oceans is nearly 12,500 feet. In other words, if the Earth were perfectly spherical, the oceans would cover the land surface to a depth of more than 10,000 feet (nearly two miles). The three major oceans: Pacific is the largest ocean, nearly as vast as the Indian and Atlantic Ocean combined, and has an average depth of ~13,000 feet. Atlantic is the shallowest with an average depth of nearly 11,000 feet. Why is the Atlantic the shallowest? Indian is smallest ocean and is present largely in the Southern Hemisphere.

7. Earth’s Oceans and Seas

8. Biodiversity Medical potential/drug discovery New models of life Climate Fisheries Things to think about: Recreation Fossil fuel resource Ocean energy Navigation/transportation Carbon cycle Marine biology Hazards

9. §Archeaology §Biology §Botany §Chemistry §Geology §Ichthyology §Oceanography §Physiology §Physics §Seismology §Medicine §Welding §Diving §Research §Education §Recreation The list goes on and on…

10. §Raw materials: IronIron SulferSulfer OilOil Salt (more later)Salt (more later) Etc.Etc.

11. 11 Ocean & Energy

12. 12 Ocean & Energy

13. Ocean & Hazards Sea surface temperature in the tropical oceans fuel hurricanes Hurricanes becoming more intense as ocean warms?

14. 14 Ocean & Drug Discovery

15. 15 The ocean plays a dominant role in heat transport and mixing Ocean & Climate

16. 16 NORTH AMERICA Gulf of Alaska Thomson, R. E., and J. F. R. Gower, 1998: A basin-scale oceanic instability event in the Gulf of Alaska. J Geophys Res-Oceans, 103, 3033-3040. Vortices are the strongest mixing agent in the ocean. They influence the ocean circulation and biology. Ocean & Climate

17. 17 Global Surface Temperatures and Sea Level are rising Ocean & Climate Change

18. 18 Marine Ecosystem regulate the cycling of chemical species relevant to climate (e.g. Carbon Dioxide) Chlorophyll Spring 2005 (MODIS Satellite) Ocean & Carbon Cycle

19. 19 Ocean & Carbon Cycle

20. 20 Ocean & Marine Biodiversity

21. History of Marine Biology: § Since we discovered the ocean, we’ve been marine biologists! we’ve been marine biologists! § Pacific Islanders—ocean subsistance §Greeks—Aristotle (described marine life)

22. More history… §A.D. 995 L. Eriksson discovered “Vinland” (N. America). (N. America). §A.D. 1000 Arabs active in E. Africa, S. Asia, etc. §A.D. 1492 C. Columbus rediscovered New World.

23. More history… §A.D. 1519 F. Magellan circumnavigated globe (accurate maps!) globe (accurate maps!) §A.D. 1786 J. Cook first scientific observations (naturalist) observations (naturalist)

24. More history… §A.D. 1831 C. Darwin, known for “natural selection,” but also described “natural selection,” but also described how atolls are formed! how atolls are formed! §A.D. 1838 C. Wilkes Charted 1500 miles of coastline Charted 1500 miles of coastline Collected 10,000 specimens (2000 new). Collected 10,000 specimens (2000 new). First effort sponsored by U. S. gov’t! First effort sponsored by U. S. gov’t! Wilkes

25. §A.D. 1840 Edward Forbes sea floor dredging (new organisms) § §Led the way for Challenger Expedition…laid the foundation for modern marine science.

26. §All this science led to the formation of some pretty cool stuff!!! §Marine Labs boomed! Woods Hole 1888. Woods Hole, Today

27. RV/Thomsas G. Thompson

28. Alvin

29. Aquarius Underwater Laboratory, Florida Keys

30. Figure 1.11a

31. R/V FLIP (floating instrument platform)

32. NOAA Ship Okeanos Explorer, “America’s Ship for Ocean Exploration,” is the only federally funded U.S. ship assigned to systematically explore our largely unknown ocean for the purpose of discovery and the advancement of knowledge. Telepresence, using real-time broadband satellite communications, connects the ship and its discoveries live with audiences ashore.Telepresence

33. Figure 1.07

34. Echo Sounding Used for Mapping Ocean Floor

35. Text Art 1.03

37. Shallow Ocean Currents El Niño and La Niña

38. Ocean Topography Seamount

39. Dynamics of Our Ocean Depths

40. 2. The Deep Sea includes: a. Deep ocean trenches (deepest part of ocean) some as deep as 36,000 feet b. Abyssal plains are the flat portions of the deep ocean, likely to be the flattest portions of the earth. c. Isolated volcanic peaks (mantle hot spots) are referred to as "seamounts". Likewise volcanic cones near mid-oceanic ridges are called seamounts as well. Harry Hess called these “guyots”. d. Mid-oceanic ridges occur where divergent plate boundaries occur (Mid-Atlantic) and the narrow region at the ridge crest is called the rift zone. e. Coral reefs and atolls develop usually in relatively shallow water where light is present and organisms can thrive on nutrients and food sources in a warm water setting. Atolls develop in response to a sinking of the oceanic crust.

41. What else is at the bottom of the ocean? Answer: Hydrothermal vents …a.k.a… Black smokers!

42. Deep Ocean Currents

43. Key Terminology OceanographyLand Hemisphere Water HemisphereHydrologic cycle HydrospherePacific Ocean Atlantic OceanIndian Ocean SalinityDesalinization Layered OceansSurface mixing zone Transitional zoneDeep zone Continental marginContinental shelf Continental slopeContinental rise Abyssal plainsSeamounts (Guyots) Deep sea fanTurbidity current Photic zoneAphotic zone Echo soundingDeep ocean trenches Coral reefsAtolls Gulf StreamEl Niño/La Niña Coriolis EffectUpwelling Thermohaline circulation patterns