1. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lectures for College Physics: A Strategic Approach, Second Edition Chapter 10 Energy and Work

2. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10-2 10 Energy and Work

3. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10-3

4. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10-4

5. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10-5

6. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 1.If a system is isolated, the total energy of the system A.increases constantly. B.decreases constantly. C.is constant. D.depends on work into the system. E.depends on work out of the system. Slide 10-6

7. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 1.If a system is isolated, the total energy of the system A.increases constantly. B.decreases constantly. C.is constant. D.depends on work into the system. E.depends on work out of the system. Slide 10-7

8. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 2.Which of the following is an energy transfer? A.Kinetic energy B.Heat C.Potential energy D.Chemical energy E.Thermal energy Slide 10-8

9. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 2.Which of the following is an energy transfer? A.Kinetic energy B.Heat C.Potential energy D.Chemical energy E.Thermal energy Slide 10-9

10. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Reading Quiz 3.If you raise an object to a greater height, you are increasing A.kinetic energy. B.heat. C.potential energy. D.chemical energy. E.thermal energy. Slide 10-10

11. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer 3.If you raise an object to a greater height, you are increasing A.kinetic energy. B.heat. C.potential energy. D.chemical energy. E.thermal energy. Slide 10-11

12. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Basic Energy Model  Energy (finally something we are familiar with)  What is energy?  We will let the concept of energy expand slowly over the course of several chapters. In this chapter, we’ll discuss some fundamental forms of energy

13. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Basic Energy Model  What are some ways we use energy?  Run our lights and computers  Grow our crops and forests  Heat our homes and bodies

14. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Forms of Energy Mechanical Energy Thermal Energy Other forms include Slide 10-12

15. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Basic Energy Model  Our goal is to understand the characteristics of energy, how energy is used, and how energy is transformed from one form into another.  Example??

16. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Systems and Energy  Any system in nature (that we study) has an associated total energy E.  Total energy is the sum of the different kinds of energies present in the system.  E =

17. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy transformations occur within the system

18. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Basic Energy Model Slide 10-13

19. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Transformations  All systems contain energy in many different forms  If amounts of each form of energy never changed, the world would be very boring!  Energy of one kind can be transformed into energy of another kind!

20. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Transformations Kinetic energy K = energy of motion Potential energy U = energy of position Thermal energy E th = energy associated with temperature System energy E = K + U + E th + E chem +... Energy can be transformed within the system without loss. Energy is a property of a system. Slide 10-14

21. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. If energy transformations within the system are “without loss”, then why can’t we get infinite energy / perpetual motion machines!?

22. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Some Energy Transformations E chem  U g K  E th E chem  E th U s  K  U g Slide 10-15

23. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Checking Understanding A skier is moving down a slope at a constant speed. What energy transformation is taking place? A. K  U g B. U g  E th C. U s  U g D. U g  K E. K  E th Slide 10-16

24. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A skier is moving down a slope at a constant speed. What energy transformation is taking place? A. K  U g B. U g  E th C. U s  U g D. U g  K E. K  E th Answer Slide 10-17

25. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Checking Understanding A child is on a playground swing, motionless at the highest point of his arc. As he swings back down to the lowest point of his motion, what energy transformation is taking place? A. K  U g B. U g  E th C. U s  U g D. U g  K E. K  E th Slide 10-18

26. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer A child is on a playground swing, motionless at the highest point of his arc. As he swings back down to the lowest point of his motion, what energy transformation is taking place? A. K  U g B. U g  E th C. U s  U g D. U g  K E. K  E th Slide 10-19

27. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Homework – pg. 316 (3 – 10)

28. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Kinetic Energy -

29. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

31. Potential Energy -

32. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

36. An archer pulls back the strung on her bow to a distance of 70 cm from its equilibrium position. To hold the string at this position takes a force of 140 N. How much elastic potential energy is stored in the bow?

37. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Homework –

38. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. PowerPoint ® Lectures for College Physics: A Strategic Approach, Second Edition WORK

39. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Transfers  A Physical system also interacts with the world around it  The environment  An exchange of energy between system and environment is called an energy transfer.  Work  Heat

40. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Transfers These change the energy of the system. Interactions with the environment. Work is the mechanical transfer of energy to or from a system via pushes and pulls. Slide 10-20

41. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Transfers: Work W  K W  E th W  U s Slide 10-21

42. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Work-Energy Equation Slide 10-22

43. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Law of Conservation of Energy Slide 10-23

44. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. The Basic Equation K f  U f   E th  K i  U i A few things to note: Work can be positive (work in) or negative (work out) We are, for now, ignoring heat. Thermal energy is…special. When energy changes to thermal energy, this change is irreversible. Slide 10-24

45. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Conceptual Example Problem A car sits at rest at the top of a hill. A small push sends it rolling down a hill. After its height has dropped by 5.0 m, it is moving at a good clip. Write down the equation for conservation of energy, noting the choice of system, the initial and final states, and what energy transformation has taken place. Slide 10-25

46. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Checking Understanding Three balls are thrown off a cliff with the same speed, but in different directions. Which ball has the greatest speed just before it hits the ground? A.Ball A B.Ball B C.Ball C D.All balls have the same speed Slide 10-26

47. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer Three balls are thrown off a cliff with the same speed, but in different directions. Which ball has the greatest speed just before it hits the ground? A.Ball A B.Ball B C.Ball C D.All balls have the same speed Slide 10-27

48. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Work Slide 10-28

49. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Work Done by Force at an Angle to Displacement Slide 10-29

50. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Energy Equations Slide 10-30

51. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Each of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for 10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the largest change in kinetic energy? Checking Understanding Slide 10-31

52. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer Each of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for 10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the largest change in kinetic energy? D. Slide 10-32

53. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Each of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for 10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the smallest change in kinetic energy? Checking Understanding Slide 10-33

54. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer Each of the boxes, with masses noted, is pulled for 10 m across a level, frictionless floor by the noted force. Which box experiences the smallest change in kinetic energy? C. Slide 10-34

55. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Example Problem A 200 g block on a frictionless surface is pushed against a spring with spring constant 500 N/m, compressing the spring by 2.0 cm. When the block is released, at what speed does it shoot away from the spring? Slide 10-35

56. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A 2.0 g desert locust can achieve a takeoff speed of 3.6 m/s (comparable to the best human jumpers) by using energy stored in an internal “spring” near the knee joint. A.When the locust jumps, what energy transformation takes place? B.What is the minimum amount of energy stored in the internal spring? C.If the locust were to make a vertical leap, how high could it jump? Ignore air resistance and use conservation of energy concepts to solve this problem. D.If 50% of the initial kinetic energy is transformed to thermal energy because of air resistance, how high will the locust jump? Example Problem Slide 10-36

57. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 10-37

58. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Elastic Collisions Slide 10-38

59. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Power Slide 10-39

60. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Power Same mass... Both reach 60 mph... Same final kinetic energy, but different times mean different powers. Slide 10-40

61. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Four toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the greatest power? CarMass (g)Speed (m/s)Time (s) A10032 B20022 C 23 D30023 E 14 Checking Understanding Slide 10-41

62. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer Four toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the greatest power? CarMass (g)Speed (m/s)Time (s) A10032 B20022 C 23 D30023 E 14 Slide 10-42

63. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Four toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the smallest power? CarMass (g)Speed (m/s)Time (s) A10032 B20022 C 23 D30023 E 14 Checking Understanding Slide 10-43

64. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer Four toy cars accelerate from rest to their top speed in a certain amount of time. The masses of the cars, the final speeds, and the time to reach this speed are noted in the table. Which car has the smallest power? CarMass (g)Speed (m/s)Time (s) A10032 B20022 C 23 D30023 E 14 Slide 10-44

65. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. In a typical tee shot, a golf ball is hit by the 300 g head of a club moving at a speed of 40 m/s. The collision with the ball happens so fast that the collision can be treated as the collision of a 300 g mass with a stationary ball—the shaft of the club and the golfer can be ignored. The 46 g ball takes off with a speed of 70 m/s. A.What is the change in momentum of the ball? B.What is the speed of the club head immediately after the collision? C.What fraction of the club’s kinetic energy is transferred to the ball? D.What fraction of the club’s kinetic energy is “lost” to thermal energy? Example Problem Slide 10-45

66. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A typical human head has a mass of 5.0 kg. If the head is moving at some speed and strikes a fixed surface, it will come to rest. A helmet can help protect against injury; the foam in the helmet allows the head to come to rest over a longer distance, reducing the force on the head. The foam in helmets is generally designed to fail at a certain large force below the threshold of damage to the head. If this force is exceeded, the foam begins to compress. If the foam in a helmet compresses by 1.5 cm under a force of 2500 N (below the threshold for damage to the head), what is the maximum speed the head could have on impact? Use energy concepts to solve this problem. Example Problem Slide 10-46

67. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Data for one stage of the 2004 Tour de France show that Lance Armstrong’s average speed was 15 m/s, and that keeping Lance and his bike moving at this zippy pace required a power of 450 W. A.What was the average forward force keeping Lance and his bike moving forward? B.To put this in perspective, compute what mass would have this weight. Example Problem Slide 10-47

68. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary Slide 10-48

69. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Summary Slide 10-49

70. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Additional Questions Each of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the highest final speed? Slide 10-50

71. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer Each of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the highest final speed? E. Slide 10-51

72. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Additional Questions Each of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the lowest final speed? Slide 10-52

73. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Each of the 1.0 kg boxes starts at rest and is then pushed for 2.0 m across a level, frictionless floor by a rope with the noted force. Which box has the lowest final speed? Answer D. Slide 10-53

74. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the largest distance? Additional Questions Slide 10-54

75. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the largest distance? Answer E. Slide 10-55

76. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the smallest distance? Additional Questions Slide 10-56

77. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Trucks with the noted masses moving at the noted speeds crash into barriers that bring them to rest with a constant force. Which truck compresses the barrier by the smallest distance? Answer B. Slide 10-57

78. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. A 20-cm-long spring is attached to a wall. When pulled horizontally with a force of 100 N, the spring stretches to a length of 22 cm. What is the value of the spring constant? A.5000 N/m B.500 N/m C.454 N/m Additional Questions Slide 10-58

79. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer A 20-cm-long spring is attached to a wall. When pulled horizontally with a force of 100 N, the spring stretches to a length of 22 cm. What is the value of the spring constant? A.5000 N/m B.500 N/m C.454 N/m Slide 10-59

80. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. I swing a ball around my head at constant speed in a circle with circumference 3 m. What is the work done on the ball by the 10 N tension force in the string during one revolution of the ball? A.30 J B.20 J C.10 J D.0 J Additional Questions Slide 10-60

81. © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Answer I swing a ball around my head at constant speed in a circle with circumference 3 m. What is the work done on the ball by the 10 N tension force in the string during one revolution of the ball? A.30 J B.20 J C.10 J D.0 J Slide 10-61