1. Framing tourist risk in UK press accounts of Hurricane Ivan Marcella Daye

2. BESTEN V Purpose of Study To examine press reports of Hurricane Ivan published in UK national newspapers to determine how the disaster was framed with specific focus on how tourist risk was constructed.

3. BESTEN V Social Amplification of Risk Theory A signal value is produced in the event of a crisis or a disaster. Individuals or groups interested in or related to the risk are likely to filter or distort signals based on their own beliefs and values Perceptual gaps may arise between stakeholders related to the crisis in terms of perception and assessment

4. BESTEN V Social Amplification of Risk Framework (SARF) - Kasperson (1996) Attenuation-----------------Intensification Representation De-attenuation----------De-intensification

5. BESTEN V Framing Practices in the Mass Media Santos (2004) argues that to frame is to select certain issues to make them more salient in order to present a particular angle that influences ‘meaning making’

6. BESTEN V Framing of tourist destinations ‘When the media transmit a message about a specific region of the world, they ultimately replace the specific values of those whom they are reporting about with the values of those to whom they are reporting. This forcing of the destination into the context of the reader, present him/her with his/her own views’. (Santos (2004:123)

7. BESTEN V Media Crisis Management Ensure centralisation and of information dissemination Designate principal spokesperson and back- up person Be prompt with information and don’t cherry pick selected media for exclusives

8. BESTEN V The 3 Stages in media coverage of a crisis (Dunne:2004) 1 st Stage – The vacuum – much speculation/inaccuracies while the media search for sources and key informants 2 nd Stage – Media focus on crisis and how it is being managed 3 rd Stage – Recovery period, media had lost intense focus and coverage wanes

9. BESTEN V The Media and the Travel Decision Process (Glaesser:2004) 1.Negative events may lead to changes in the purchase decision process 2. If there are no alternative sources of information, the media may be most influential in shaping attitudes and opinions

10. BESTEN V Media coverage of negative events The nature of the coverage by the media of the negative event with respect to the sources they choose to quote, their news values in terms of prioritising and emphasis, all combine to construct a context of the risk associated with travel to an affected destination.

11. BESTEN V Source Credibility The public may have perceptions of credible sources that may differ from that of the media and disaster management officials. Destination image theories state that information from the media and word of mouth are seen as more credible than information from tourist boards

12. BESTEN V Study Method Archived stories on Hurricane Ivan published in UK national press between September 6-15, 2004 were content analysed – Main variables being measured to evaluate UK press framing of the hurricane – Destination mention in headline, –First source/informant mentioned in article –Focus of lead sentences

13. BESTEN V Findings – no distinction between newspaper brands for news values No significant differences between the various titles in terms of level of coverage, sources used and the focus of the lead stories There seemed to be a generic framing strategy across the various brands The names of destinations were not prominently mentioned in headlines to highlight association between country brands and the hurricane – only 37%

14. BESTEN V Findings – Story Sources Local politicians were the first attributed sources in the sample at 17.7% Travel intermediaries were ranked second at 12.9% Tourist agencies/boards were only mentioned once – 1.6% Weather experts – 11.3% Tourists/eyewitness - 9.7% Locals/eyewitness – 8.1% Other journalists/news wires – 8.1% Disaster management agency/centre – 8.1%

15. BESTEN V Findings – Lead Sentence

16. BESTEN V Findings - Summary The UK press tended to display similar framing strategies Stories that used sources from tour companies and tourists who witnessed the event tended to have lead sentences that focussed on tourist risk Where local politicians were the main source, the lead sentence tended to emphasise risk to locals rather than tourists Stories quoting weather experts mainly highlighted the approach of the hurricane with a focus on describing its impact, effects and outcomes Travel intermediaries were likely to be used and valued as main sources of information in the early stages of the hurricane

17. BESTEN V Conclusions Travel intermediaries to be more engaged Counter strategies to provide alternative perspectives on the disaster/crisis More research required on risk perceptions of tourists

18. BESTEN V The End Thanks for listening