1. Animal Behavior Why do they DO that?! Sections 39.3 - 39.6

2. I. Proximate vs. Ultimate Causes of Behavior A. Proximate Causes (how B comes about) A. Proximate Causes (how B comes about) 1. What stimulus activates physiological 1. What stimulus activates physiological mechanisms (innate biochemical processes) mechanisms (innate biochemical processes) 2. What experience may affect behavior? 2. What experience may affect behavior? (learning) (learning) B. Ultimate Causes (why B comes about) B. Ultimate Causes (why B comes about) 1. Does it aid in survival & reproduction 1. Does it aid in survival & reproduction 2. Is it based on evolutionary history 2. Is it based on evolutionary history why did this start? why did this start?

3. II. Instinctive (Innate)Behaviors A. Unlearned A. Unlearned B. Triggered by a sign stimulus B. Triggered by a sign stimulus C. Fixed Action Pattern = C. Fixed Action Pattern = 1. automatic response to stimulus 1. automatic response to stimulus 2. repetitive behavior (unchanging) 2. repetitive behavior (unchanging) 3. series of actions must complete if started 3. series of actions must complete if started

4. D. Examples & causes D. Examples & causes 1. Stimulus: shaking nest 1. Stimulus: shaking nest Response: baby’s open beak Response: baby’s open beak 2. Stimulus: open beak 2. Stimulus: open beak Response: parent feeds baby Response: parent feeds baby 3. Proximal cause : shaking/beak 3. Proximal cause : shaking/beak 4. Ultimate cause: babies survive 4. Ultimate cause: babies survive

5. E. Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) Example E. Fixed Action Pattern (FAP) Example 1. Male sticklebacks attack anything red 1. Male sticklebacks attack anything red a. proximal cause: red a. proximal cause: red b. ultimate cause: attacking red increases # eggs a male gets to fertilize b. ultimate cause: attacking red increases # eggs a male gets to fertilize

6. 2. Egg Rolling FAPs 2. Egg Rolling FAPs a. goose a. goose https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vUNZv-ByPkU b. parasitic birds b. parasitic birds https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO1WccH2_YM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO1WccH2_YM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SO1WccH2_YM

8. F. Human instincts F. Human instincts 1. prehensive reflex 1. prehensive reflex a. new-borns, grasp any object. a. new-borns, grasp any object. b. grasp tighter if touch hair b. grasp tighter if touch hair 2. Proximal: 2. Proximal: touch something touch something 3. Ultimate: 3. Ultimate: primate history primate history

9. III. Innate Behavior Summary A. Developmentally fixed A. Developmentally fixed 1. Nearly all individuals exhibit same behavior 1. Nearly all individuals exhibit same behavior 2. Changes in environment make no difference 2. Changes in environment make no difference 3. Strong genetic control of behavior 3. Strong genetic control of behavior 4. Called directed movements because they are directed by genetics 4. Called directed movements because they are directed by genetics

10. a.Kinesis – change in activity rate ex. more active in light, less active in dark. ex. more active in light, less active in dark. b. Taxis – oriented movement toward or away b. Taxis – oriented movement toward or away c. Circumannual rhythms– follow yearly cycle c. Circumannual rhythms– follow yearly cycle (circadian rhythms follow day) (circadian rhythms follow day) 1. migration – length of day 1. migration – length of day 2. egg laying – length of day 2. egg laying – length of day

11. IV. Learned behavior Learning = behavior change through experience A. Imprinting Example A. Imprinting Example 1. Involves both learned & innate B 1. Involves both learned & innate B 2. Sensitive period: learn to recognize mom 2. Sensitive period: learn to recognize mom 3. Imprinting stimulus – what they imprint on 3. Imprinting stimulus – what they imprint on 4. young follow mom… Innate 4. young follow mom… Innate

12. B. Lorenz Goose Imprinting stimulus = motion Goose Imprinting stimulus = motion Offspring do not automatically recognize mother goose Offspring do not automatically recognize mother goose Proximate cause – something moving away Proximate cause – something moving away Ultimate cause – babies who follow are protected = better fitness Ultimate cause – babies who follow are protected = better fitness

14. C. Sheep Imprinting Proximate cause – in sensitive period mom exposed to amniotic fluid (the imprinting stimulus) Proximate cause – in sensitive period mom exposed to amniotic fluid (the imprinting stimulus) Ultimate cause – mom feeds only her own baby : improves her fitness Ultimate cause – mom feeds only her own baby : improves her fitness

15. V. Types of Learning A. Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information A. Habituation: loss of responsiveness to stimuli that convey little or no information B. Spatial learning: learn location of nest sites, food, water B. Spatial learning: learn location of nest sites, food, water C. Associative learning: bite bad tasting orange butterfly learn to avoid bright colors C. Associative learning: bite bad tasting orange butterfly learn to avoid bright colors

16. D. Conditioned Learning Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus is associated with reward Classical conditioning: arbitrary stimulus is associated with reward Operant conditioning: trial & error learning Operant conditioning: trial & error learning animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with reward or punishment animal learns to associate one of its own behaviors with reward or punishment

17. E. Social Learning 1. Learn from observing others 1. Learn from observing others 2. Roots of culture 2. Roots of culture 3. Culture=system of info. transfer through teaching. 3. Culture=system of info. transfer through teaching.

18. F. Cognition & problem solving 1. Cognition – ability of animal’s nervous system to perceive, store & process info. 1. Cognition – ability of animal’s nervous system to perceive, store & process info.

19. VI Behaviors triggered by environmental cues A. Vital to natural selection & reproduction A. Vital to natural selection & reproduction B. Phototropism – maximize light exposure B. Phototropism – maximize light exposure C. Photoperiodism – hours of darkness reg. C. Photoperiodism – hours of darkness reg. flowering & prep for winter flowering & prep for winter D. Hibernation – weather conditions, temp D. Hibernation – weather conditions, temp global climate change problems global climate change problems

20. VII. Communication A. Signal = a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior A. Signal = a behavior that causes a change in another animal’s behavior B. Communication = transmission, reception & response to a signal B. Communication = transmission, reception & response to a signal Some features genetic others environmental Some features genetic others environmental

21. C. Communication Mechanisms C. Communication Mechanisms A. Chemical– pheromones, scent A. Chemical– pheromones, scent B. Auditory– song B. Auditory– song C. Posture C. Posture D. learned (full bird song) or inherited (pheromones) D. learned (full bird song) or inherited (pheromones)

22. E. Composite signals – displays E. Composite signals – displays threat display, mating display tactile display

23. VIII. Types of behavior 1) adaptive behavior – improves fitness 1) adaptive behavior – improves fitness 2) social behavior – intraspecific interactions 2) social behavior – intraspecific interactions 3) selfish behavior – only helps own offspring 3) selfish behavior – only helps own offspring 4) altruistic behavior – apparently self- sacrificing behavior…helps others in population 4) altruistic behavior – apparently self- sacrificing behavior…helps others in population

24. Adaptive: keeps mites away Ultimate cause Ultimate cause

25. Social behavior Cooperative predator avoidance Cooperative predator avoidance Cooperative hunting Cooperative hunting Eusocial – true social = Eusocial – true social = together for generations together for generations division of labor division of labor permenantly sterile workers permenantly sterile workers

26. Altruistic Behavior Lowers individual fitness but Lowers individual fitness but increases fitness of others in pop. increases fitness of others in pop. a. ground squirrel alarm call ↑ mortality a. ground squirrel alarm call ↑ mortality b. worker bee sting intruders b. worker bee sting intruders c. mole rats defend colony c. mole rats defend colony Inclusive fitness: if close relatives Inclusive fitness: if close relatives survive then some of your genes are passed on vs no chance of own offspring surviving alone

27. Kin selection Natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by increasing fitness of relatives Natural selection that favors altruistic behavior by increasing fitness of relatives Hamilton’s rule – predicts when nat sel favors altruism. Based on benefit to recipient, cost to altruist and coefficient of relatedness. Hamilton’s rule – predicts when nat sel favors altruism. Based on benefit to recipient, cost to altruist and coefficient of relatedness. Female ground squirrels Female ground squirrels Settle close to home, only Females give alarm

28. Reciprocal altruism Help others who will later help you Help others who will later help you 2 individuals not related genetically 2 individuals not related genetically Only found in social animals Only found in social animals