1. Chapter 19 Light, Mirrors, and Lenses Section 3 Refraction and Lenses Pages 562 - 566

2. Bending of Light Rays Objects in water can sometimes look strange. Objects in water can sometimes look strange. A pencil in a glass of water sometimes looks as if it bent or shifted. A pencil in a glass of water sometimes looks as if it bent or shifted. Illusions such as these are due to the bending of light rays as they pass from one material to another. Illusions such as these are due to the bending of light rays as they pass from one material to another.

3. The Speeds of Light The speed of light in empty space is about 300 million m/s. The speed of light in empty space is about 300 million m/s. Light passing through a medium such as air, water, or glass, however, travels more slowly than this. Light passing through a medium such as air, water, or glass, however, travels more slowly than this. This is because the atoms that make up the material interact with the light waves and slow them down. This is because the atoms that make up the material interact with the light waves and slow them down.

4. Light Travels at Different Speeds Through Different Materials

5. The Refraction of Light Waves If a light wave travels from one medium to another, the light wave will change speed. If a light wave travels from one medium to another, the light wave will change speed. This can cause light to change direction or bend. This can cause light to change direction or bend. The bending of light waves due to a change in speed is called refraction. The bending of light waves due to a change in speed is called refraction.

6. Convex and Concave Lenses Taking photographs of friends or looking through a magnifying glass involves the use of a lens. Taking photographs of friends or looking through a magnifying glass involves the use of a lens. A lens is a transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to bend. A lens is a transparent object with at least one curved side that causes light to bend. The more curved the sides of the lens are, the more light will be bent after it enters the lens. The more curved the sides of the lens are, the more light will be bent after it enters the lens.

7. Convex Lenses A lens that is thicker in the center than at the edges is a convex lens. A lens that is thicker in the center than at the edges is a convex lens. Because convex lenses cause light waves to meet, they are also called converging lenses. Because convex lenses cause light waves to meet, they are also called converging lenses. The more curved the lens is, the closer the focal point is to the lens, and so the shorter the focal length. The more curved the lens is, the closer the focal point is to the lens, and so the shorter the focal length.

8. Convex Lenses If the object is two focal lengths from the lens, the image seen through the lens is inverted and smaller than the object. If the object is two focal lengths from the lens, the image seen through the lens is inverted and smaller than the object. If the object is closer to the lens than one focal length, then the image formed is right-side up and larger than the object. If the object is closer to the lens than one focal length, then the image formed is right-side up and larger than the object. A magnifying glass forms an image this way. A magnifying glass forms an image this way.

9. Concave Lenses A lens that is thicker in the edges than in the middle is a concave lens. A lens that is thicker in the edges than in the middle is a concave lens. A concave lens is also called a diverging lens. A concave lens is also called a diverging lens. A concave lens causes light rays to diverge so there is no focal point. A concave lens causes light rays to diverge so there is no focal point. The image formed by a concave lens is similar to that of a convex mirror. The image formed by a concave lens is similar to that of a convex mirror. The image is upright and smaller than the object. The image is upright and smaller than the object.

10. Total Internal Reflection When you look at a glass window, you can sometimes see your reflection..this is an example of partial reflection. When you look at a glass window, you can sometimes see your reflection..this is an example of partial reflection. However, sometimes all the light waves that strike a boundary between two transparent materials can be reflected…this process is called total reflection. However, sometimes all the light waves that strike a boundary between two transparent materials can be reflected…this process is called total reflection.

11. The Critical Angle If a light beam in water strikes the air-water boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs. If a light beam in water strikes the air-water boundary at an angle greater than the critical angle, total internal reflection occurs. When this happens all the light waves are reflected just as if a mirror was there. When this happens all the light waves are reflected just as if a mirror was there. The size of the critical angle depends on the two materials involved….for air-water the critical angle is 48 degrees. The size of the critical angle depends on the two materials involved….for air-water the critical angle is 48 degrees.

12. The Critical Angle 3 3

13. Optical Fibers Optical fibers are thin, flexible, transparent fibers that act like a light pipe. Optical fibers are thin, flexible, transparent fibers that act like a light pipe. Total internal reflection makes light transmission in optical fibers possible. Total internal reflection makes light transmission in optical fibers possible. Optical fibers are used for sending light signals used in television programs, computer information, and phone conversations. Optical fibers are used for sending light signals used in television programs, computer information, and phone conversations.