2. Types of Personality Disorders
A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
B) Disorders in relating with others
C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with reality
All disorders have some of these characteristics

3. 10 Personality Disorders
Dependent Personality Disorder
Avoidant Personality Disorder
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Schizoid Personality Disorder

4. Score
7 = T
13 = T
14 = T
17 = T
21 = T
38 = T
41 = T
52 = T
53 = T

5. Antisocial Personality Disorder
A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
Poor control of impulses, low tolerance of frustration
Psychopath and sociopath are sometimes used to refer to those with antisocial personality disorder
Have a lack of conscience, coldness and callousness
Prone to violent criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving of being taken advantage of
They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than the needs of others
Although they can be gracious and cheerful until they get what they want e.g. Hannibal Lecter
Little anxiety

6. Score 5 = T 21 = T 26 = T 31 = T 38 = T 40 = F 57 = T 67 = T 69 = F

7. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
A pattern of grandiosity, need for admiration, and a sense of self-importance

8. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Five of the following
1) Grandiose sense of self-importance
2) Preoccupation with fantasies of ultimate attainment
3) Belief he or she should only associate with others who are “special.”

9. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
4) Requirement for excessive admiration.
5) Sense of entitlement
6) Exploitation of others

10. Narcissistic Personality Disorder
7) Lack of empathy
8) Enviousness
9) Arrogant behavior and attitudes

11. Disorders of thinking and lack of contact with reality
Schizoid Personality Disorder
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Borderline Personality Disorder

12. Score
4 = T
10 = T
27 = T
32 = F
38 = T
46 = T
48 = T
57 = F

13. Schizoid Personality Disorder
A pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression
Indifferent to relationships
Limited social range (some are hermits)
Aloof, detached, called loners
No apparent need of friends, sex
Solitary activities

14. Score
8 = T
48 = T
69 = T
71 = T
76 = T

15. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
A pattern of acute discomfort in close relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions, and eccentricities of behavior
They generally engage in eccentric behavior and have difficulty concentrating for long periods of time.
Like people with schizoid PD, those with shizotypal PD tend to be socially isolated, be uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships and have a restricted range of emotions

16. Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Their speech is often over elaborate and difficult to follow i.e. tangential, vague.
May have inappropriate emotional responses (or none at all)
May be easily distracted, become fixated, or lost in fantasy
Many believe that schizotypal personality disorder represents mild schizophrenia, but SPDs maintain basic contact with reality

17. Score
7 = T
22 = T
30 = T
41 = T
72 = T

18. Borderline Personality Disorder
A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
Instability
Mood instability with bouts of severe depression, anxiety or anger
Unstable self concept with periods of extreme self-doubt and others of grandiose importance
Unstable interpersonal relationships – from idealizing to despising (and promiscuity)

19. Borderline Personality Disorder
A tendency towards impulsive and self-destructive behaviors, and out of control emotions

20. Borderline Personality Disorder
Five of the following:
1) Rapid mood shifts
2) Uncontrollable anger
3) Self-destructive acts

21. Borderline Personality Disorder
4) Self-damaging behaviors
5) Identity disturbance
6) Chronic emptiness

22. Borderline Personality Disorder
7) Unstable relationships
View people as all good or all bad
8) Fear of abandonment
9) Confusion and feelings of unreality

23. How is a diagnosis made?

24. DSM-IV – Categorical Approach
Based on the medical model
Disorder is present or absent

25. Advantages of Categorical System
Ease in conceptualization and communication
Familiarity
Consistency with clinical decision making

26. Empirical Evidence doesn’t support these assumptions!!!
Assumptions of the DSM
Personality pathology is suited to be classified into discrete types or disorders
These disorders group themselves into three clusters
The diagnostic criteria naturally fall into the particular personality disorders to which they have been assigned
Empirical Evidence doesn’t support these assumptions!!!

27. Disadvantages of the Categorical Approach
Arbitrary cut-off points
Loss of important information
Will likely utilize a dimensional approach in DSM-V

28. Alternative conceptualisations of Personality Disorders
Personality disorders can also be considered within the context of personality
Provides a better understanding of each PD
Five Factor Model
Interpersonal Circumplex

29. Personality Disorder N E A C O
Schizotypal
High
Low
Schizoid
Paranoid
Histrionic
Narcissistic

30. Personality Disorder N E A C O
Antisocial
High
Low
Borderline
Dependent
Avoidant
Obsessive-Compulsive

31. Interpersonal Circumplex Model
Posits that all personality can be captured by two primary dimensions:
Nurturance versus cold-heartedness
Dominance versus submission

33. Personality
An individual's characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior

34. First Question I asked
What do we know when we know a person?

35. How can you figure out WHO a person is?
Ask the person (S data)
Ask others about the person (I data)
Look at the persons life (L data)
Look at what the person does (B data)
“BLIS”

36. A more “structured” way to find out “who a person is”
Standardized Tests!
Rational Method
Projective Tests
Factor Analytic Method
Empirical Method
Combination of Methods

37. Basic Approaches Trait Approach The Single-Trait Approach
e.g., authoritarinsim, self-monitoring, etc.
The Many-Trait Approach
e.g., CAQ
The Essential-Trait Approach
e.g., The Big Five
The Simultaneous-Trait Approach
e.g., circumplex, sphere

38. Basic Approaches Biological / Evolutionary Approach Behavior Genetics
Twin Studies
Evolutionary Psychology
“The blind watchmaker”
Jealousy
Attraction
Exotic becomes erotic

39. Basic Approaches Psychoanalytic Approach Freud Defense mechanisms
Psychosexual development
Parts of the mind
Defense mechanisms
Subliminal Messages
“Slips of the tongue”
Humor

40. Basic Approaches Psychoanalytic Approach Neo Freudians Carl Jung
Collective UCS, Archetypes, Dreams
Alfred Adler
Striving for superiority, Birth order
Karen Horney
Basic anxiety, Coping with anxiety (moving toward, away, against)
Erik Erickson
Development across the lifespan

41. Basic Approaches Phenomenological Approach Philosophical roots
Free will, awareness, meaning
Carl Rogers
Self-Actualization, Conditions of worth
Abraham Maslow
Hierarcy or Needs, Self-Actualization and Flow

42. Basic Approaches Behaviorism Philosophical roots Habituation
Empiricism, Associationism, Hedonism
Habituation
Classical Conditioning
Operant Conditioning

43. Basic Approaches Social Learning Theory Dollard and Miller Rotter
Habit Hierarchy, Approach-Avoidance Conflict, Defense Mechanisms
Rotter
BP, Expectancy, Locus of Control, RV
Bandura
Efficacy, Observational Learning, Reciprocal Determinism

44. Basic Approaches Cognitive Approach Perceptual processes
Priming, aggression, rejection sensitivity
Self processes
Self-schemas
Strategic and motivational processes
Optimistic vs. pessimistic, Nomothetic Goals, Idiographic Goals

45. First Question I asked What do we know when we know a person?
Each approach presents a different way to “think” about personality.
Each approach asks and answers different questions.
You must decide which approach is most valid!
This is what makes PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY fun!