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CHAPTER 3 Investments How Securities Are Traded Slides by Richard D. Johnson Copyright © 2008 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved McGraw-Hill/Irwin Cover image
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3- 2 Cover image Primary vs. Secondary Security Sales Primary –New issue –Key factor: issuer receives the proceeds from the sale Secondary –Existing owner sells to another party –Issuing firm doesn’t receive proceeds and is not directly involved
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3- 3 Cover image How Firms Issue Securities Investment Banking Shelf Registration Private Placements Initial Public Offerings (IPOs)
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3- 4 Cover image Investment Banking Arrangements Underwritten vs. “Best Efforts” –Underwritten: firm commitment on proceeds to the issuing firm –Best Efforts: no firm commitment Negotiated vs. Competitive Bid –Negotiated: issuing firm negotiates terms with investment banker –Competitive bid: issuer structures the offering and secures bids
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3- 5 Cover image Figure 3.1 Relationship Among a Firm Issuing Securities, the Underwriters and the Public
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3- 6 Cover image Figure 3.2 A Tombstone Advertisement
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3- 7 Cover image Shelf Registrations SEC Rule 415 Introduced in 1982 Ready to be issued – on the shelf
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3- 8 Cover image Private placement: sale to a limited number of sophisticated investors not requiring the protection of registration Allowed under Rule 144A Dominated by institutions Very active market for debt securities Not active for stock offerings Private Placements
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3- 9 Cover image Initial Public Offerings Process –Road shows –Bookbuilding Underpricing –Post sale returns –Cost to the issuing firm
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3- 10 Cover image Figure 3.3 Average Initial Returns for IPOs in Various Countries
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3- 11 Cover image Figure 3.4 Long-term Relative Performance of Initial Public Offerings
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3- 12 Cover image Types of Secondary Markets Direct search Brokered Dealer Auction
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3- 13 Cover image Types of Orders Instructions to the brokers on how to complete the order Market Limit Stop loss
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3- 14 Cover image Figure 3.5 Limit Order Book for Intel on ArcaEx Exchange
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3- 15 Cover image Figure 3.6 Price-Contingent Orders
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3- 16 Cover image Trading Mechanisms Dealer markets Electronic communication networks (ECNs) Specialists markets
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3- 17 Cover image U.S. Security Markets Nasdaq Small stock OTC –Pink sheets Organized Exchanges –New York Stock Exchange –American Stock Exchange –Regionals Electronic Communication Networks (ECNs) National Market System
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3- 18 Cover image Nasdaq National Market System Nasdaq SmallCap Market Levels of subscribers –Level 1 – inside quotes –Level 2 – receives all quotes but they can’t enter quotes –Level 3 – dealers making markets –SuperMontage OTC Bulletin Board
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3- 19 Cover image Table 3.1 Partial Requirements for Listing on Nasdaq Markets
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3- 20 Cover image New York Stock Exchange Member functions –Commission brokers –Floor brokers –Specialists Block houses SuperDot
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3- 21 Cover image Table 3.2 Seat Prices on the NYSE
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3- 22 Cover image Table 3.3 Some Initial Listing Requirements for the NYSE
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3- 23 Cover image Table 3.4 Block Transactions on the New York Stock Exchange
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3- 24 Cover image Table 3.5 Electronic Computer Networks (ECNs)
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3- 25 Cover image Market Structures in Other Countries London - predominately electronic trading Euronext – market formed by combination of the Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels exchanges Tokyo Stock Exchange
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3- 26 Cover image Figure 3.7 Dollar Volume of Trading in Major World Markets, 2004
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3- 27 Cover image Costs of Trading Commission: fee paid to broker for making the transaction Spread: cost of trading with dealer –Bid: price dealer will buy from you –Ask: price dealer will sell to you –Spread: ask - bid Combination: on some trades both are paid
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3- 28 Cover image Margin Trading Using only a portion of the proceeds for an investment Borrow remaining component Margin arrangements differ for stocks and futures
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3- 29 Cover image Stock Margin Trading Maximum margin is currently 50%; you can borrow up to 50% of the stock value Set by the Fed Maintenance margin: minimum amount equity in trading can be before additional funds must be put into the account Margin call: notification from broker you must put up additional funds
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3- 30 Cover image Margin Trading - Initial Conditions Example 3.1 X Corp$100 60%Initial Margin 40%Maintenance Margin 100Shares Purchased Initial Position Stock $10,000 Borrowed $4,000 Equity $6,000
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3- 31 Cover image Margin Trading - Maintenance Margin Ex. 3.1 Stock price falls to $70 per share New Position Stock $7,000 Borrowed $4,000 Equity $3,000 Margin% = $3,000/$7,000 = 43%
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3- 32 Cover image Margin Trading - Margin Call Example 3.2 How far can the stock price fall before a margin call? (100P - $4,000) * / 100P = 30% P = $57.14 * 100P - Amt Borrowed = Equity
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3- 33 Cover image Table 3.6 Illustration of Buying Stock on Margin
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3- 34 Cover image Short Sales Purpose: to profit from a decline in the price of a stock or security Mechanics Borrow stock through a dealer Sell it and deposit proceeds and margin in an account Closing out the position: buy the stock and return to the party from which is was borrowed
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3- 35 Cover image Short Sale - Initial Conditions Dot Bomb1,000 Shares 50%Initial Margin 40%Maintenance Margin $100Initial Price Sale Proceeds$100,000 Margin & Equity 50,000 Stock Owed 100,000
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3- 36 Cover image Short Sale - Maintenance Margin Stock Price Rises to $110 Sale Proceeds$10,000 Initial Margin 5,000 Stock Owed 11,000 Net Equity 4,000 Margin % (4000/11000) 36%
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3- 37 Cover image Short Sale - Margin Call How much can the stock price rise before a margin call? ($150,000 * - 1000P) / (100P) = 30% P = $115.38 * Initial margin plus sale proceeds
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3- 38 Cover image Regulation and Trends in Markets Major regulations –Securities Acts of 1933 –Securities Acts of 1934 –Securities Investor Protection Act of 1970 Trading scandals and reactions –Sarbanes-Oxley Act
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