1. Diseases of the Heart Anatomy The Circulatory System

2. Arrhythmia Abnormal heart rhythm Irregular heartbeats and heart rates

3. Bradyarrhythmia Bradycardia – heart rates that are slow (less than 60bpm) Caused by decreased body temperature or certain drugs May occur during sleep or some athletes have unusually slow heartbeats Treatment – medicines, pacemaker, surgery

4. Tachyarrhythmia Tachycardia – rapid heart rate (faster than 100 bpm) Caused by an increase in body temperature, drugs or hormones, heart disease, excitement, exercise, anemia, or shock Treated by medicine, pacemaker, surgery

5. Fibrillation Small areas of the myocardium contract in an uncoordinated, chaotic fashion (shuddering) The myocardium fails to contract as a whole, and blood is no longer pumped Occurs in both the atria and ventricles (deadly) Caused by an obstructed coronary artery, toxic drug exposure, electric shock, or traumatic injury to the heart or chest wall Treated by medicine, electrical procedures

6. Hypertension High blood pressure – persistently elevated arterial pressure “Silent Killer” Can lead to a heart attack, stroke, atherosclerosis Caused by poor diet, high sodium intake, stress, obesity, lack of physical activity, genetics, older age, smoking, alcohol Treatment includes exercise, controlling weight, reducing stress, limiting sodium, medicine

7. Hypertension Prehypertension – blood pressure is consistently just above normal (120-139 & 80-89) Hypertension – consistently 140/90

8. Atherosclerosis Usual cause of heart attacks, strokes, and aneurysms High blood pressure, a fatty diet, smoking, obesity, genetic factors, and lack of exercise damage the endothelium (lines the arteries) & cholesterol plaque forms The arteries harden and narrow and block blood flow Treated by lifestyle changes, medicines, or surgeries

9. Part of the coronary circulation becomes blocked, and cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen Coronary heart disease causes the arteries to become narrow and blood cannot flow as well Fatty matter, calcium, proteins, and inflammatory cells build up within the arteries to form plaque Heart Attack/Myocardial Infarction

10. Heart attack continued When the plaque that forms becomes hard, the outer shell cracks, and blood clots form around the plaque If a blood clot blocks the artery, the heart muscle becomes “starved” for oxygen Within a short time, death of heart muscle cells occurs, causing permanent damage

11. 1. Smoking 2. High blood pressure 3. High blood cholesterol levels 4. Diabetes 5. Obesity 6. Sedentary lifestyle 7. Genetics Treatments – immediate medical attention, drugs, surgeries Risk Factors of a Heart Attack

12. Pulmonary Edema The lungs fill with fluid due to a failing left ventricle or damaged mitral (bicuspid) valve Causes blood to back up into the pulmonary circuit and pressure to increase in the capillaries in the lungs, flooding the spaces with fluid The fluid interrupts normal oxygen movement in the lungs Treatments include aspiration, medicine, surgery

13. Pulmonary Edema An abnormal buildup of fluid in the air sacs of the lungs, which leads to shortness of breath In most cases heart problems cause pulmonary edema but fluid can accumulate for other reasons As pressure in the blood vessels increase, fluid is pushed into the air spaces (alveoli) in the lungs This fluid interrupts normal oxygen movement in the lungs